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Amblyopia (lazy eye) Isabel and kai yooi

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Amblyopia (lazy eye) Isabel and kai yooi

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What is it? Lazy eye is reduced vision in one eye.

Caused by: abnormal visual development earlier in life, imbalance in muscles in charge of positioning the eyes

Signs and symptoms: a tendency to bump into objects on one side

an eye that wanders inward or outward

eyes that appear not to work together

poor depth perception

double vision

squinting

Treatment: glasses/contact lenses
Eye patch
Eye drops
Surgery

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Glaucoma (wt and xy) (kaixin and kristy)

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Glaucoma (wt and xy) (kaixin and kristy)

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What is it?
Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by loss of vision secondary to damage to the optic nerve. We have one optic nerve in each eye and each optic nerve serves to transmit information (things we see) from our eyes to our brain. Usually, but not always, damage to the optic nerve in glaucoma is caused by raised pressure within the eyeball.
Caused by:
The eye is like a ball filled with fluid which provides oxygen and nourishment to the rest of the eye. It has an inflow tap (ciliary body) and an outflow drain (trabecular meshwork).

To maintain normal pressures, the inflow must balance the outflow. In certain types of glaucoma, eg angle closure glaucoma, if the drainage is blocked, fluid accumulates and pressure in the eye builds up. This raised pressure may damage the optic nerve.

Signs and symptoms
Seeing halos around lights

Vision loss

Redness in your eye

Eye that looks hazy (particularly in infants)

Upset stomach or vomiting

Eye pain

Treatment
Medical treatment

Surgical treatment

Laser treatment

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What is it?
It is a reddish lump on the outer edge of your eyelid. It is filled with pus and inflammatory cells produced when a clogged gland or follicle becomes infected.  It is tender to the touch and can be very painful.

Caused by:
a bacterial infection in an oil gland or hair follicle on your eyelid. These glands and follicles get clogged with dead skin cells and other debris. Bacteria get trapped inside and cause an infection.

Signs and symptoms
- A red bump with a small pus spot in the center.

The feeling that there's something in your eye.

Your eye feels sensitive to bright light.

Crust along the eyelid.

A scratchy or itchy feeling around the eye.

Your eye makes extra tears.

Treatment
- warm compress on The Eye
- antibiotic eye cream or eye drops
- draining of pus using needle (only done by professional)

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What is it? Spots in your vision
Caused by: aged related changes that occur when the vitreous humour becomes more liquid
Signs and symptoms
Treatment:
1.  A vitrectomy is an invasive surgery that can remove eye floaters from your line of vision. Within this procedure, your eye doctor will remove the vitreous through a small incision.
2. Laser therapy involves aiming lasers at the eye floaters. This can cause them to break up and may reduce their presence.

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What is it?
dry eye is when your eyes do not make the right type of tears or tear film.

Caused by:
- certain diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s syndrome, thyroid disease, and lupus

- swollen or red eyelids

- when eyelids turn in; or when eyelids turn outward

- being in smoke, wind or a very dry climate

- looking at a computer screen for a long time, reading and other activities that reduce blinking

- using contact lenses for a long time

- having refractive eye surgery, such as LASIK

- taking certain medicines, such as:

-diuretics (water pills) for high blood pressure

-beta-blockers, for heart problems or high blood pressure

-allergy and cold medicines (antihistamines)

-sleeping pills

-anxiety and antidepressant medicines

-heartburn medicines

signs and symptoms
- stinging and burning of the eyes

- blurred vision, especially when reading

- scratchy or gritty feeling like something is in your eye.

- strings of mucus in or around your eyes.

- eyes are red or irritated

- painful to wear contact lenses.

- have lots of tears in your eyes.

treatment
- use prescription eye drops or ointments

- do warm compresses on the eyes

- massage your eyelids

- use certain eyelid cleaners

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Age-related macular degeneration (Emma and Andrea)

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Age-related macular degeneration (Emma and Andrea)

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What is it?
It is an eye disease that can blur the sharp, central vision you need for activities like reading and driving. It often happens in older people. It affects the macula. There are two forms of the disease: dray and wet.

Caused by:
Dry AMD results in slow progressive loss of central vision. The condition develops as the lightsensitive cells in the macula slowly break down with age.

In wet AMD, abnormal blood vessel growth in the eye leads to the leaking of blood and proteins into the macula, leading to subsequent vision loss. The wet form commonly results in advance visual loss within a short period of time.

Signs and symptoms
- Blurring of central vision (may be gradual or rapid in onset)

- Shadows or missing areas of vision

Distorted vision e.g. a grid of straight lines appears wavy and parts of the grid appear blank

Problems discerning colours, specifically dark colours from other dark colours and light colours from other light colours

Slow recovery of visual function after exposure to bright light

Loss of contrast sensitivity (ability to tell diff erent levels of brightness apart)

Treatment
- Laser photocoagulation, surgical procedure involving the application of a hot laser.

- Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin. This method uses a non-thermal laser together with an intravenous drug to seal and halt or slow the progression of the condition.

- Drugs. Macugen and Lucentis are examples of drugs delivered into the eye through injections to block the growth of the abnormal blood vessels.

There are no active treatments for dry AMD, nut magnifiers could help.

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Diabetic retinopathy Elizabeth and howra

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Diabetic retinopathy Elizabeth and howra

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What is it?

Diabetic retinopathy is an eye condition that can cause vision loss and blindness in people who have diabetes. It affects blood vessels in the retina (the light-sensitive layer of tissue in the back of your eye).

Caused by:
It's caused by damage to the blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina).

Signs and symptoms

Spots or dark strings floating in your vision (floaters)

Blurred vision

Fluctuating vision

Impaired color vision

Dark or empty areas in your vision

Vision loss

Treatment

1. Injections. Medicines called anti-VEGF drugs can slow down or reverse diabetic retinopathy. Other medicines, called corticosteroids, can also help.

2. Laser treatment. To reduce swelling in your retina, eye doctors can use lasers to make the blood vessels shrink and stop leaking.

3. Eye surgery. If your retina is bleeding a lot or you have a lot of scars in your eye, your eye doctor may recommend a type of surgery called a vitrectomy.

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Strabismus (crossed-eye) XING YUAN AND KENDRA

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Strabismus (crossed-eye) XING YUAN AND KENDRA

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What is it?
Strabismus or squint is a condition where there is a misalignment of the eyes. The types of strabismus vary among different age groups and present differently in different parts of the world.

Caused by:
Strabismus can be caused by problems with the eye muscles, the nerves that transmit information to the muscles, or the control center in the brain that directs eye movements. It can also develop due to other general health conditions or eye injuries. Risk factors for developing strabismus include: Family history.

Signs and symptoms
1.Crossed eyes.

2.Double vision.

3. Eyes that do not aim in the same direction.

4. Uncoordinated eye movements (eyes do not move together)

5.Loss of vision or depth perception.

Treatment
Treatment for strabismus may include eyeglasses, prisms, vision therapy, or eye muscle surgery. If detected and treated early, strabismus can often be corrected with excellent results. People with strabismus have several treatment options to improve eye alignment and coordination.

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Amblyopia (lazy eye) shernice and shijia, Isabel and kai yooi

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Amblyopia (lazy eye) shernice and shijia, Isabel and kai yooi

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What is it? Lazy eye (amblyopia) is reduced vision in one eye

Caused by: abnormal visual experience early in life that changes the nerve pathways between a thin layer of tissue (retina) at the back of the eye and the brain. The weaker eye receives fewer visual signals. Eventually, the eyes' ability to work together decreases, and the brain suppresses or ignores input from the weaker eye.

Signs and symptoms:
1. An eye that wanders inward or outward

2. Eyes that appear to not work together

3. Poor depth perception

4. Squinting or shutting an eye

5. Head tilting

6. Abnormal results of vision screening tests

Treatment:
1. Corrective eyewear. Glasses or contact lenses can correct problems such as nearsightedness, farsightedness or astigmatism that result in lazy eye.

2. Eye patches. To stimulate the weaker eye, your child wears an eye patch over the eye with better vision for two to six or more hours a day. In rare cases, wearing an eye patch too long can cause amblyopia to develop in the patched eye. However it's usually reversible.

3. Bangerter filter. This special filter is placed on the eyeglass lens of the stronger eye. The filter blurs the stronger eye and, like an eye patch, works to stimulate the weaker eye.
4. Eyedrops. An eyedrop of a medication called atropine (Isopto Atropine) can temporarily blur vision in the stronger eye. Usually prescribed for use on weekends or daily, use of the drops encourages your child to use the weaker eye, and offers an alternative to a patch. Side effects include sensitivity to light and eye irritation.

5. Surgery. Your child might need surgery if he or she has droopy eyelids or cataracts that cause deprivation amblyopia. If your child's eyes continue to cross or wander apart with the appropriate glasses, your doctor might recommend surgical repair to straighten the eyes, in addition to other lazy eye treatments.

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Presyobia (Cayla and Edna and Isabelle and Arissa booboobear) ^_^

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Presyobia (Cayla and Edna and Isabelle and Arissa booboobear) ^_^

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What is it?
Caused by:
- caused by a hardening of the lens of your eye, which occurs with aging. As your lens becomes less flexible, it can no longer change shape to focus on close-up images. As a result, these images appear out of focus.
Signs and symptoms:

A tendency to hold reading material farther away to make the letters clearer

Blurred vision at normal reading distance

Eyestrain or headaches after reading or doing close-up work

Treatment

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What is it?
Nearsightedness (myopia) is a common vision condition in which you can see objects near to you clearly, but objects farther away are blurry. It occurs when the shape of your eye causes light rays to bend (refract) incorrectly, focusing images in front of your retina instead of on your retina.

Caused by
Myopia occurs if the eyeball is too long or the cornea (the clear front cover of the eye) is too curved. As a result, the light entering the eye isn't focused correctly, and distant objects look blurred.

Signs and symptoms

Blurry vision when looking at distant objects.

The need to squint or partially close the eyelids to see clearly.

Headaches caused by eyestrain.

Difficulty seeing while driving a vehicle, especially at night (night myopia)

Treatment
For adults, myopia can be reversed with refractive surgery, also called laser eye surgery. A laser is used to reshape the corneal eye tissue and correct the refractive error. Laser eye surgery is not recommended for children.

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What is it?
A cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens of your eye.

Caused by:
Aging or injury to the lens

Signs & Symptoms:

Clouded, blurred or dim vision

Increasing difficulty with vision at night

Sensitivity to light and glare

Need for brighter light for reading and other activities

Seeing "halos" around lights

Frequent changes in eyeglass or contact lens prescription

Fading or yellowing of colors

Double vision in a single eye

Treatment:
Removing the clouded lens and replacing it with a clear artificial lens