# data[].attributes.body
It is caused by any damage or blockage in the external or the middle of the ear. The damage or blockage disrupts the passageway or the sound wave through the chambers ("Deafness and Hearing Loss", 2015). This type of hearing loss can be treated medically but can also affect a child’s language development.

# data[].attributes.body
It is caused by damage to the inner ear, which is called Cochlea, or the auditory nerve that transmits various impulses to the brain ("Deafness and Hearing Loss", 2015).

# data[].attributes.body
This type of hearing loss means “ a disorder or dysfunction in the central auditory system between the brainstem and the auditory cortex in the brain”("Deafness and Hearing Loss", 2015).

# data[].attributes.body
This type of hearing loss is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss

# data[].attributes.body
Parents can pass down a gene for deafness to their children.

# data[].attributes.body
These are different gene mutations that are done at conception. Some are osteogenesis imperfecta, Patau syndrome and Treacher Collins syndrome (Department of Health & Human Services, 2011).

# data[].attributes.body
A baby can be born with deafness because of a disease that they were exposed to in the uterus. Some diseases can be rubella, influenza and mumps. Also, if the mother takes certain medications for a disease it can affect the baby’s hearing, such as ethyl mercury and medications such as quinine (Department of Health & Human Services, 2011).

# data[].attributes.body
Some loud noises can be gunshots, firecrackers, explosions, and rock concerts. Also, particularly prolonged exposure either in the workplace or recreationally can damage the delicate mechanisms inside the ear (Department of Health & Human Services, 2011).

# data[].attributes.body
These are perforation of the eardrum, fractured skull or changes in air pressure. (barotrauma)

(Department of Health & Human Services, 2011).

# data[].attributes.body
Other cuases can be Meniere’s disease and exposure to certain chemicals.

# data[].attributes.body
Deafness indivuals can learn and communicate using American Sign Language (ASL). ASL is a visual language, that you use your face and hands for. “The shape, placement, and movement of the hands, as well as facial expressions and body movements, all play important parts in conveying information.”("What is American Sign Language?"). ASL is a very unique language and is not universal all around the world.

# data[].attributes.body
Deaf individuals can chose to get a cochlear implant to help them hear and communicate with others. A Cochlear implant is a “small, complex electronic device that can help to provide a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf or severely hard-of-hearing”("Cochlear Implants", 2018). Cochlear implants can be put on surgically on children or adults. These children or adults have to be eligible and likely to be successful with using the implants and many factors are discussed beforehand.

# data[].attributes.body
Some deaf individuals will get a hearing aid to help them hear and communicate. A hearing aid will amplify the sounds around them. This device is used mostly for people who are hard of hearing. These are also used for deafness that happens at an older age. There are many different kinds of hearing aids. The types are in ear canal, in the ear, behind the ear, receiver in the canal or receiver in the ear, and open fit aid.

# data[].attributes.body
Emotionally, deaf or hard of hearing people can have emotional problems. Many children, while they are growing up, can have low self- esteem and low confidence in themselves. Being deaf can have people feel detached from others. They will not be able to talk or have conversations with most people.

# data[].attributes.body
This website tells the user and the universal newborn hearing screening and about what hearing is and how it works. The site also explains different hearing devices. There is a tab for language and learning. There is also a tab for parenting and support, which helps parents know exactly what they have to do for their deaf or hard of hearing child. The site has a resource tab for professionals, which helps them to know different tips for them.

# data[].attributes.body
This website has many resources. Some include advocacy letters, child first, early intervention for infants and toddlers, government resources in ASL, and education. There are programs for deaf teens and adults to become future leaders and advocates for deaf people. The website has a tab for families and it has education advocates and what the education process is.

# data[].attributes.body
Newborns are being screened for hearing problems. This can lead to earlier identification and treatment. Early identification of hearing loss, is crucial to helping children normally development in speech, language, cognitively and socially.

# data[].attributes.body
Delayed postural development and motor development is a common sensorimotor impairment in profoundly deaf children.The vestibular system is also critical for gaze stabilization. Thus damage to vestibular system causes gaze and balance impairments.  Since damage to vestibular structures is known to cause the balance deficit, which may interfere with normal motor development, it has been postulated as the primary cause of motor deficit (Rajendran & Roy, 2011).

# data[].attributes.body
Socially a person may not be able to communicate with everyone in the world, which may make them withdraw from social situations. They may also not be able to do the same activities as hearing people if there are no interpreters or closed captions to help them understand the activities.
Children who are deaf or have hearing loss usually  cannot hear quiet
speech sounds such as “s,” “sh,” “f,” “t,” and “k”.
Children's speech may be difficult to understand.
Children may not hear what they are saying and may not speak loud enough. They might have poor stress, poor inflection or poor rate of speaking.

Children with a hearing loss understand and create shorter and simpler sentences than children with normal hearing ("Effects of hearing loss on development").  Children with a hearing loss often have difficulty understanding and writing complex sentences, such as those with relative clauses or in the passive voice ("Effects of hearing loss on development").
Children with a hearing loss often cannot hear word endings such as -s or -ed. This leads to misunderstandings and misuse of verb tense, pluralization, and possessives, as well as non agreement of subjects and verbs ("Effects of hearing loss on development").
Vocabulary is developed more slowly than other children.
Children who are deaf or  have hearing loss they will not catch up without
intervention.
Children with a hearing loss have difficulty
understanding words with multiple meanings ("Effects of hearing loss on development").

# data[].attributes.body
Children with a hearing loss have difficulty with all
areas of academic achievement, especially reading and
mathematical skills ("Effects of hearing loss on development").

Children with a severe to profound hearing loss usually
achieve skills no higher than the third- or fourth-grade
level, unless appropriate educational intervention
occurs early ("Effects of hearing loss on development").

The level of achievement is related to parental
involvement and the quantity, quality, and timing of
the support services children receive ("Effects of hearing loss on development").

# data[].attributes.body
American Sign Language (ASL) Fingerspelling Alphabet [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved

from http://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/topics/sign-language.htm

Cochlear Implants. (2017, March 6). Retrieved from National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders website: https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/cochlear-implants

Davis, S. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/info-2016/deaf-disabled-hearing-loss-kb.html

Deafness and Hearing Loss. (2015, June 16). Retrieved from Center for Parent Information and Resources website: https://www.parentcenterhub.org/hearingloss/

Deafness- a range of causes. (2011, June 30). Retrieved from Better Health Channel website: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/deafness-a-range-of-causes

Different Types of Hearing Aids [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.hearingaids123.com/hearing-aids-types

Effects of hearing loss on development. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/Effects-of-Hearing-Loss-on-Development/

Hearing aids: How to choose the right one. (2019, May 22). Retrieved from Mayo Clinic website: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hearing-loss/in-depth/hearing-aids/art-20044116

The Impacts of Deafness. (n.d.). Retrieved from Hearing Dogs for Deaf People website: https://www.hearingdogs.org.uk/deafness-and-hearing-loss/impacts-of-deafness/

Language and learning. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2021, from https://www.babyhearing.org/language-learning

Mindess, A. (2014). Reading Between the Signs (3rd ed.). Nicholas Brealey Publishing.

Rajendran, V., & Roy, F. (2011). An overview of motor skill performance and balance in hearing impaired children. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 37(1), 33. doi:10.1186/1824-7288-37-33

Sabogal, D. (n.d.). Cochlear Implant. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/cochlear-implant

What is American Sign language? (n.d.). Retrieved from National Association of the Deaf website: https://www.nad.org/resources/american-sign-language/what-is-american-sign-language/

# data[].attributes.body
This website has a lot of resources. They give the parents everything they need to know about how to help their deaf/hard of hearing child. There are a lot of topics covered on this site. Some are  early intervention information about, and advocacy information

# data[].attributes.body
This website gives many resources for families with children with hearing loss/deafness. You are able to learn ASL on this website, there are different sites and ways that families can learn ASL without paying money.

# data[].attributes.body
it is very crucial that children have early intervention as early as possible. This will help tremendously with their various developmental delays.

# data[].attributes.body
Parents should be encouraging playtime. Playtime will help children learn from the senses and about different feelings. Children will also be learning about problem solving and using their creativity. Playtime is a way for children to learn language. Children should be encouraged to sign/talk while playing.

# data[].attributes.body
While parents are reading to their child, they should be using face and body expression and gestures. They can speak to their child and also teach them dome signs. Reading should be done in a quiet environment.

# data[].attributes.body
Parents should make sure there is no background noise during routines. Parents if they are signing should make sure they know the signs to show the child the routine. It is very important to show your child key things that go with the routine, so they can understand what is it and how to do it.