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Hua Tuo (108-208 AD), is a known Chinese surgical pioneer. In China, he performed complex surgeries such as laparotomies and organ transplants using only herbal medicine and acupuncture as anesthetics¹. In addition, he performed procedures that cured headaches, paralysis, brain tumors¹.

In the image, Hua Tuo and his assistant is operating on a patient's abdomen as the patient is seen under anesthesia. Hua Tuo used a herbal anesthetic called "Ma fei san" and two additional acupuncture points for the patient to reveal "no sensation of pain"¹.

Context:
The use of acupuncture depicted by Hua Tuo has effects that are useful for anesthesia, which highlights acupunctures involvement in sensory pathways of the nervous system. This lays the groundwork for acupuncture and the possibilites of its use to alter sensation and perception of different stimuli.

Sources:
(1) https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00381-011-1423-z.pdf

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Sun Si-Miao's Ghost Points to Treat Mental Disorders

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Sun Si-Miao's Ghost Points to Treat Mental Disorders

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Sun Si-Miao, a Chinese physician, developed the 13 Ghost Points in acupuncture in 6th century China to treat mental disorders¹. Originally, illnesses were attributed to spirit possession. However, Sun Si-Miao shifted that idea and developed the philosophy that the cause of these mental illnesses was due to the body having too much phlegm, invasion of wind, heat, and dampness in the body¹.

In the image, the different points on the face and head correlate to the different functions that Sun Si-Miao used to treat the different illnesses such as anxiety, dizziness, and emotional stability². Sun Si-Miao's development of these acupuncture point charts helps to standardize each acupuncture point and denoted each with a Chinese character.

Context:
Sun Su-Miao's recognition and shift away from the spirit possession as a cause of illness displays the dismissal of religious principles within the realm of medicine. This is important in the early discoveries of medicine because the acknowledgment of the legitimacy of medicine helps the progression of medicine rather than relying on shaman practices to cure illnesses. After Sun Su-Miao's discoveries, mental illnesses were attributed as a disease rather than an uncontrollable phenomenon such as spirits.

Sources:
(1) https://www.villagewellness.net/blog/sun
(2) http://gpcacupuncture.com/yes-in-the-world-of-chinese-acupuncture-there-are-ghost-points/

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Rise of Moxibustion and Treatment of Epilespy

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Rise of Moxibustion and Treatment of Epilespy

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Although moxibustion can be traced back to as far as the Chinese Stone Age, it wasn't as popular as its counterpart acupuncture until the Sui and Tang Dynasty (581-907 AD) in China¹. The principles of moxibustion is similar to acupuncture, only that the application and method are different. It developed due to the finding that pressing hot stones to certain parts of the body could help alleviate certain illnesses¹.

In the image is a page of The Record of Sovereign Teachings, written during China's Qing Dynasty in 1869 by Shang Youeng and contains various moxa points to alleviate different illnesses². Specifically shown in the image is the Taichong point or the "great rushing" point. The point is located on the dorsum of the foot². It's recommended that the point is moxibustion with moxa cones to treat convulsions, epilepsy, dim vision, etc².

Context:
The discovery of moxibustion is not only important within the context of Chinese medical history, but also its contributions to the usage of mugwort. Because herbal medications are on the rise within the realm of complementary and alternative medicine, currently in the US, traditional herbal medicine such as mugwort is being researched for its efficacy in treating epilepsy³.

Sources:
(1) http://www.shen-nong.com/eng/treatment/acupuncture_development.html

(2) https://www.omnia.ie/index.php?navigation_function=2&navigation_item=%2F9200579%2Fubz46dym&repid=1

(3) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5564656/

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During Song Dynasty China (960-1279 AD), acupuncturist Wang Weiyi created two life size male bronze statues to teach acupuncture to advance China's medical education¹. The bronze statue includes 657 acupoints drilled on in addition to lines across the body to represent meridians¹. After this model was established, meridian theory became popularized.

Meridian Theory is one of the main components of Traditional Chinese Medicine theory. It essential describes a hierarchal network of channels that exists within the body that is important for the overall flow of "qi." It's often compared to the circulatory system in western medicine while connecting to different collaterals vessels².

Context:
Modern physiologists have further described the theory of meridians and acupuncture with the "neural hypothesis." It suggests that the stimulation of sensory nerves, such that in acupoints, will relay a signal to the brain that can process the information and alter changes within the body². Ultimately, the function of acupuncture relates to sensory relay that relies on the brain to release its own chemicals and neurotransmitters that contribute to the healing of the body.

Sources
(1) http://www.shen-nong.com/eng/treatment/acupuncture_development.html
(2) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2005290110600143

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Acupuncture as An Alternative to Opioids

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Acupuncture as An Alternative to Opioids

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This article/video was released in late 2018 from the Cleveland Clinic. With the rise in opioid addiction causing an opioid epidemic, healthcare providers are finding alternative ways to treat pain instead of the reliance on opioids.

The recent advisory recommends acupuncture as the first step to relieving pain as a nonaddictive alternative¹. The Cleveland Clinic has found the effectiveness of acupuncture to treat many different types of pain such as chronic pain, neck pain, and migrates¹. Through the manipulation of the nervous system and its release of endorphins, the analgesic effect is found to be three-fold in addition to the reduction of inflammation¹.

The research involving acupuncture's ability to regulate and alter the endorphin-releasing system provides additional information on the pain pathway and its mechanism. As an effective way to reduce pain, further use and reliance on acupuncture for its analgesic effects rather than opioids can lower the use of opioids and addiction, which is important to control the widespread use of opioid use

Sources:
(1) https://newsroom.clevelandclinic.org/2018/12/31/acupuncture-instead-of-opioids-for-pain-relief/

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Acupuncture Instead of Opioids for Pain Relief (HD) FOR MEDIA

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The Yellow Emperor Huangdi of China will be the guide through the exhibit.

It is said that the Yellow Emperor of China in 2600 BC wrote the Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Medicine), which is a very influential book for traditional Chinese physicians¹. The ideas within the book are related to Taoist principles such as illness is due to the imbalance of yin and yang. The Yellow Emperor discusses different treatments to different illnesses and mainly references acupuncture to balance these imbalances within the body¹. The principles mentioned in the book are the foundation of acupuncture practice today.

Included in the book includes a discussion of neurological illnesses and deem the cause is not related to demonic influence but rather the natural aging process and imbalance of the body¹. The mention of imbalance of the body is likely to be attributed to the term of homeostasis in the body today, thus, the brain is an important discussion as to its also functions as a regulation center for the rest of the body.

Because of The Yellow Emperor's composition of the Huangdi Neijing, he will be very well versed in the topic of Traditional Chinese Medicine and it's foundation for acupunture.

Sources:
(1) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2287209/

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Gold and Silver Acupuncture Needles' Analgesic Properties

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Gold and Silver Acupuncture Needles' Analgesic Properties

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The discovery of Prince Liu Sheng (d. 113 BCE) of the Chinese Western Han Dynasty's tomb at the current day's Mancheng, Hebei Province uncovered many artifacts including gold and silver acupuncture needles¹.

The discovery of these needles led researchers to investigate the properties of gold and silver when used in acupuncture. It was revealed in an fMRI study that gold acupuncture needles limit the brain response to pain, thus having pain-relieving effects². The fMRI mapping showed that the use of gold acupuncture needles limited the activation of pain to a smaller region of the brain as compared to the control². In addition, in Traditional Chinese Medicine, gold is associated with Yang and tonifying properties while Silver has Yin properties².

Context:
The discovery of these needles in the tomb of Liu Sheng led researchers and historians to hypothesize the Chinese's early knowledge of analgesic effects produced from acupuncture when using certain needles. This is relevant in today's research as more and more research investigating the analgesic effects of acupuncture has found to have effectiveness. Acupuncture used to treat pain induces the release of neurotransmitters to modulate pain.

Sources:
(1) https://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/archae/2liumain.htm
(2) https://www.healthcmi.com/Acupuncture-Continuing-Education-News/1229-gold-acupuncture-needle-mri-pain-discovery