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Historical manuscripts including the Book of the Dead and the Book of Kells highlight some of the earliest forms of graphic design (Meggs 2021). These manuscripts and similar creations often served the purpose of conveying information of a religious nature.

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The Book of the Dead is an Ancient Egyptian manuscript that combines Hieroglyphs and colourful illustrations in a cohesive manner (Meggs 2021).

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The Book of Kells, an illuminated Gospel, demonstrates the development of medieval graphic design (Meggs 2021).

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The development of printing methods was influential to the foundations of current graphic design, as it led to the creation of typefaces and the transformation of graphic design as a tool to communicate to the masses (Ellis 2018).

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The Diamond Sutra is an example of Early Chinese woodblock prints that marks the starting point for the development of printing (Meggs 2021).

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Johaness Gutenburg invented the printing press, resulting in the ability for mass communication, affordable books, and the first typeface, Black Letter (Ellis 2018) (Meggs 2021).

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Key features of Renaissance graphic design specifically within books included symmetrical and layouts, harmonious and balanced use of illustration and text, proper spacing of letters and words and floral elements. Inspired by text found in Ancient Roman Buildings, Nicolas Jensen created some of the first Roman types (Miller 2020). This type was more legible as it moved away from the calligraphic writing and Blackletter font (AshworthCreative 2014) (Gomez-Palacio and Vit 2012, 214). Aldine Press's Hypnerotomachia Poliphili is a demonstration of the use of Jensen’s more legible Roman typeface and the use of other renaissance elements such as symmetry.

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Rococo Graphic design is defined by its utilisation of detailed curvilinear ornamentation, natural shapes and asymmetrical layouts, and visual elements (The Paper 2015) (Meggs 2021). Printing using copperplate engravings also became popular during this time as this method was able to produce finer lines thus more detailed illustrations. Robert Clee’s trading card is a demonstration of various Rococo graphic design elements created using copperplate engravings.

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Neoclassical graphic design was characterised by the increased use of straight lines and more geometric decorative elements (Meggs 2021). Additionally, specifically in book design, ornamentation and layouts took a more minimalistic approach (Meggs 2021). These elements are displayed in Didot’s Two-page spread from Bucolica by Virgil.

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The Victorian Era Graphic Design began amidst the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840). The Industrial Revolution brought about the development of more efficient printing technology and bolder typefaces (Galvan 2020). Graphic design of the time was also defined by detailed and decorative typography, boarders, and imagery (Padraig Cahill 2016). Lithography, developed in 1798, by Aloys Senefelder, is a method of printing that involved inking a design into stone or metal to transfer onto paper (Galvan 2020). This method also led to the development of Chromolithography, one of the first forms of coloured printing (Galvan 2020).

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The movement influenced graphic design styles returned more traditional features with illustrated typography and various detailed textures and illustrations (Meggs 2021). These features were a reaction to the mass-produced goods, which designers of the time found to be poorly crafted (Meggs 2021). Designers of time valued beautiful and well-crafted designs (Meggs 2021). A page Kelmcott’s press’s production of The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer (1896) illustrate high levels of craftmanship in it detailed design.

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This movement influenced graphic design style to use more organic asymmetrical line art, stylised and natural shapes (Opus Web Design 2016) (Galvan 2020). Art Nouveau graphic designers focused on the use colour as primary attribute to their pieces, rather than tonal modelling (Meggs 2021). Alphonse Mucha’s Lorenzaccio starring Sarah Bernhardt, 1896 poster demonstrates these elements. This movement held similar sentiments to the Arts and Crafts movement with a desire to revive more traditional design features (Galvan 2020).

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Broadly modernism encompasses a range of progressive movements within culture and the arts (History of Visual Communication 2015). The Early Modernists, as a part of this progression begun to use photography instead of illustrations in their designs as highlighted by Aleksandar Rodchenko’s ‘Knigi. (Opus Web Design 2016)’ They also continued to distance them selves from the traditional elements of previous eras utilising more geometric shapes and minimalist layouts (Opus Web Design 2016).

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Graphic design played a political role during the early 20th century, utilised to produce propaganda during World War One (Meggs 2021). Hero Realism used coloured printing to produce poster designs for the government characterised by realistic imagery of usually one individual accompanied by a strong message in clear bold font (Meggs 2021). This can be seen illustrated in the ‘I Want You’ poster by James M. Flagg, used to encourage enlistment of American troops. These posters were used to raise funds for the war, encourage normal and productive lifestyles at home, illustrate negative images of the enemy and encourage enlistment (Meggs 2021).

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The Art Deco movement in graphic design was a result of rapid social and technological advancement in the 20th century (History of Visual Communication 2015). Graphic design of this time was a characterised by bold geometric shapes and high contrast colours as seen in this poster illustration of the Nord Express by Adolphe M. Cassandre (Opus Web Design 2016).

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Swiss design built on the ideas of functionality and universality Helvetica (Flux Academy 2021). The Swiss design style was characterised by the use of negative space, simple shapes, and asymmetrical layouts (Opus Web Design 2016). This was accompanied by clear and legible fonts such as Helvetica (Flux Academy 2021).

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The term 'Kitsch' in art tends to describe elements that are vulgar and display a lack of sophistication (Graphic Design History 2011). However, in the terms of 1950's Kitsch, it is a word that suggests the style is so bad it's good (Graphic Design History 2011). Kitsch design tends to have contrasting and bold colours, detailed and fantastical imagery and depiction of dramatically posed people (Ellis 2018). The design style was heavily utilised for movie posters (Ellis 2018).

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Psychedelic graphic design was heavily influenced by the popularity of using hallucinogenic drugs (Ellis 2018). The style heavily featured swirls, experimental and curvy fonts and vivid colours (Opus Web Design 2016) (Ellis 2018).

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The Punk movement was a part of the Youth culture during the 1970s. Their main ideologies were opposed to social norms (Budrick 2019). In terms of graphic design, art such as the Sex Pistols album cover for 'God Save the Queen', were purposefully messy and unpolished to challenge the traditional perspective and features of art and design (Budrick 2019).

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Postmodernism was a reaction to the modernist movement, questioning their philosophies and choosing to contradict them (Flux Academy 2021). Designers of the time questioned the design rules put in place by modernism and chose to create freely,  through making collages, distorting image, vivacious colour choices and abstract typography (Flux Academy 2021).

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The creation of the internet greatly expanded the field of graphic design introducing the new field of web design.

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The creation of Adobe Photoshop was highly influential to the development of graphic design. This was because the program became a multifaceted tool to creating graphic design pieces. Later it was expanded to the Adobe Suite we view now, with a variety of specialised programs available specifically for graphic designers.

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Grunge is characterized by gritty textures and backgrounds accompanied by irregular lines and frames (Opus Web Design 2016). The imitation of spilled substances such as ink or coffee, the use of handwritten type, and crinkled or ripped paper are also common elements of this graphic design style (Opus Web Design 2016). The popularity of the grunge style came about partially as a result of David Carson's influential magazine Raygun (Shetty 2012) (Pictured above). This Magazine featured many spreads that incorporated the grunge aesthetic (Shetty 2012).

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Also though smartphones existed in 1992, the popularity of their use only really came about with the release of Apple's iPod and iPhones. The first iPhone was released in 2007. The creation of the smartphone has created the need and market for mobile phone applications. This application opened a whole new door for the graphic design, of app interfaces.

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This style of design uses two dimensional element, bright colours and simple shapes and textures (The Interaction Design Foundation 2013). This style was ordinally developed so that the size of content would scale smoothly depending on the screen size of the device (The Interaction Design Foundation 2013). It loads fast and reduces visual noise allowing for a relaxing visual experience for the user (The Interaction Design Foundation 2013).

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Ironov is an AI developed by a Russian Design Studio, which can create logos and designs for real clients (Art Lebedev 2021). This sort of development takes into question whether in the future graphic design will be done by AI.