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This book was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin’s increased the differences between the North and the South. Many Northerners realized how unjust slavery was for the first time. With increasing opposition to slavery, Southern slave owners worked even harder to defend the institution.

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The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, created two new territories, and allowed popular sovereignty. It also resulted in a violent uprising known as the “Bleeding Kansas,” as proslavery and antislavery activists flooded into the territories.

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The Dred Scott decision was the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling on March 6, 1857, he lived in a free state/ territory that did not entitle an enslaved person, Dred Scott, to his freedom. In essence, the decision argued that, as someone's property, Scott was not a citizen and could not sue in a federal court. This was the most important slavery-related decision in the United States Supreme Court's history. The purpose was to balance the Congressional strength of the two factions by making sure an equal number of slave and free states were admitted to the Union. The Dred Scott Decision outraged abolitionists, who saw the Supreme Court's ruling as a way to stop debate about slavery in the territories.

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This was a series of seven debates between the Democratic senator Stephen A. Douglas and Republican challenger Abraham Lincoln during the 1858 Illinois senatorial campaign, which concerned the issue of slavery extension into the territories. This act was important because the debates refreshed Lincoln's political career and pushed him to being the spotlight among Republicans.

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Brown's raid helped make any further accommodation between North and South nearly impossible and became an important part of the Civil War. Although the raid failed, it inflamed sections of people filled with tension and raised the stakes for the 1860 presidential election.

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The Election of 1860 demonstrated the divisions within the United States just before the Civil War. The election was unusual because four strong candidates competed for the presidency. This turned on a number of issues including secession, the relationship between the federal government, states, and territories,  and slavery and abolition.

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