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Overthrew Ming Dynasty

From Manchuria, neighboring kingdom

Established the Qing Dynasty in 1644

Ruled till 1911

Expanded China

Forces sent to Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia → combined with empire

Imposed protectorate over Tibet

Military campaigns sent west of China

Annexation of Xinjiang

During Qianlong’s reign, bureaucracy became corrupt

High taxes placed on the people

Started the White Lotus Rebellion by peasants

Wanted Ming Dynasty back

Government suppressed uprising brutally

Civil Service Examination continued

Used to asses abilities of scholar-gentry

For government service

Put Manchus in high positions of power

Less tolerant

Opium War broke out against Britain to stop opium trade

In 1839

Another conflict in the 1850s led to the opening of trade to Britain freely

Treaty of Nanking in 1842 made

Ended Opium War

Opened up five ports for British

Opium continued to flow into China

Started using paper money more for commerce

Proved legitimacy for crown through Mandate of Heaven

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Economic innovations with credit

Had native banks

Allowed deposits

Made loans

Transferred funds

Improvements with porcelain

Able to make smooth colors called blown red

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Under Emperor Qianlong → good economy

All-time-high with government taxes

Well administered government

Empire needed funds

Sold trading privileges to Europe

Limited them to Canton though

British were not satisfied

Qing lifted Ming’s restrictions on trade

Traded only through the port of Canton

Traded Chinese tea, silk, and porcelain

Brought in large quantities of silver

Basis of Chinese economy

British didn’t want to trade so much silver

Traded large amounts of opium instead

Many became addicted

Chinese started paying large amount of silver for the drug

Restored agriculture for profit

Rice and wheat were large crops

Used a cropping cycle

Sold consumption crops and raw materials

Stimulated economic growth

Big part in foreign trade

Luxury goods were popular

Involved in Silk Roads

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Chinese were required to wear hair in queues

Braided pigtail style of Manchus

Test of loyalty

Strong Confucianist culture and tradition

Painting and porcelain were main forms of art

Literature resembled Ming Dynasty with its classical form

Literature was controlled by government

Idea of legalism developed

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Severe floods, droughts, and famines at the time

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Work and family responsibilities affected by addiction to opium

Still patriarchy and patrilineal

Had servitude

Enslaved prisoners of war

Many households had domestic servants

Social mobility increased

With civil service examination

Downward mobility was more common though

Banned people in society from participating or discussing politics

Urban culture spread

Forbid intermarriage between Manchus and Chinese

Ruling elites mastered the Chinese language and Confucian teachings

Enforced Confucian gender roles

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Civil-service exam was reinstated and expanded

Public officials who were incompetent or corrupt were beaten publicly

Thought control/ censorship of documents was sanctioned by the government

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Woodblock typing and printing were enhanced and advanced

Huochung gun created for defense in empire

First made with bamboo then bronze

Ship rudders were also invented during this time for maritime

Helped traverse deep waters and strong waves

Helped steer large ships

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Limited outside influence on China by restricting trade

Prohibited private foreign trade

Destroyed dockyards, limited size of ships that could be built

Began reconstructing the Great Wall

Formerly engaged in major expeditions of exploration lead by Zheng He which later stopped due to being too costly

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Conservatism ; emphasized the importance of Confucianism and reinvigorated the traditional system

Neo-Confucianism increased its influence

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Series of natural disasters at end of reign

Unusual cold and dry weather

Known as the Little Ice Age

Caused many famines

Severe flooding

Government unable to manage irrigation & flood-control projects

Widespread epidemic spread

Famine and drought begun by rebels in the 1620s & 1630s

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Scholar-gentry was revived

Women were still banned from taking the exam

Strongly patriarchal, women still subordinate

Women kept a subordinate position in society

Not allowed to take civil service examination

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Ruled by many incompetent leaders

Last 200 years of the empire

Maintenance of dams, dikes, and irrigation systems was neglected

Nomadic people continued to exert pressure on Great Wall

In 1644, the nomadic group of the Manchus finally took over

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Opium Wars caused many addictions and weakened empire

British got power over empire

Internal revolts

Taiping Rebellion

Dungan Revolted to many deaths

High population

Taxes too low

Didn’t change to adjust to population

Concentration of land ownership not controlled

Food shortages

Regular famine

Civilian unrest by floods and famines

Led to revolts and rebellions

Bureaucratic inefficiency and corruption spread

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Lots of commerce that brought revenue

Silk Roads were a source of wealth

Sold silk and porcelain

Maintained Chinese Traditions

Zheng He maritime expeditions spread the glory of China

Brought many tributary states for China to earn revenue from other countries

Amazing maritime expeditions that acquired China tributes besides that

Highly centralized government

Power in emperor

Economy was rebounded and international and domestic trade grew and became major part of empire

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Effective government tax collection

Handicraft commerce spread and prospered

Strong Confucian cultures and traditions

Many decorative crafts that were sold in Silk Roads

Porcelain

Painting

Expanded to protect against Mongols

Manchus ruled separately in the office called Court of Colonial Affairs

Large, expanded empire

Had small, important non-Chinese minority

Impoverished Central Asia

Silk Road decline

Oceanic trade more important

Nomadic pastoralists no longer free

Went to urban areas

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Rebuilt canals, reservoirs, & irrigation systems

Planting a billion trees

Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang - warlord

Helped expel Mongols from China

Scholar-Gentry class was restored

Civil

Service Examination was reinstated

Corrupt public officials were beaten and removed

Neo-Confucianism - which supported strict obedience to government - gathered influence

Zheng He maritime expeditions spread the glory of China

Brought many tributary states for China to earn revenue from

Restored Great Wall of China to keep invaders out

After Mongol rule, took over

All signs of foreign rule were eliminated of Mongols

Promoted Confucian teachings and ruling

Restored millions of acres of cultivation

Rebuilt canals, reservoirs, & irrigation systems

Planting a billion trees

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Manchus has formed a strong military state through conquest

By 1644, they had captured Beijing

Captured the lands of the Ming Empire then expanded

Taiwan

Lots of Mongolia and Xinjiang

Used tributary system to remain superior over countries like Korea and Vietnam

Continued use of civil service examination to recruit bureaucrats

Controlled Taiwan, Mongolia, and some of Central Asia

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The “Sacred Edict” was a set of moral and governmental instructions on life by the imperial authorities. The edict was created by the Kangxi Emperor, but revised to its current state by his son, the Yongzheng Emperor (1723-1735). It was recited regularly at villages as a form of moral instruction started by the Ming but later more systematically done by the Qing. The edict was used often for local rituals conducted throughout the Qing Empire.

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The audience was intended for the civilians and members of the Ming and Qing empire in this period to set rules and laws to keep the citizens in line.

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This point of view is a Confucian view of morals and rules to do with society and family. The government is Confucianism in China, so of course these teachings and laws are based on the ideology.

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The purpose of this document was to enforce Confucian laws and rules on the citizens to follow, and give a set of guidelines for society and what’s expected of citizens. Through these rules, the government is enforcing an ideology and forcing citizens to follow this way of life.

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The Ming Dynasty was after the Mongol Empire of the Yuan. The document discusses the series of emperors that ruled in the Ming Dynasty and their effect, specifically on the expansion and decline of the empire during the reign. In this period, Mongol threats were also consistent, so military and defenses were very important for the empire. They soon were weakened and finally defeated by the nomads in Manchuria, the Manchus

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This document was intended as an educational source for anyone researching the Ming online to help understand the empire and their expansion and decline.

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The source was an online website that informed about the subject, so thus the point of view was relatively unbiased and trustworthy, using mostly facts that are commonly accepted regarding that part of history.

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The purpose of this document is to educate and inform the readers of a piece of history and give a general summary of the expansion and decline of the Ming Empire.

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The Ming Dynasty lasted about two centuries before coming to a decline where a multitude of reasons contributed to the reason for their end, and as they weakened the Manchus were able to take advantage and conquer China. During this decline, the rules were incompetent, there were many natural disasters, and there were different rebellions that all weakened the empire in different ways.

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The intended audience for this document was students and researchers who were trying to learn more about the Ming. The source was provided as a source of education from a textbook to help inform others of history

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The point of view of this document is through a third party and is a secondary source, which could reveal an unbiased perspective from centuries ahead. This document was made long after this time though so there could be historical inaccuracies

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The purpose of this document is to inform and educate the readers about the reasons for the fall of the Ming Dynasty. It provides a source of information and research and allows for someone to gather and learn info about the Ming as well.

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Downfall of the Superpower China - Ming and Qing Dynasty l HISTORY OF CHINA

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Conquest from Manchuria

Expanded China in neighboring regions

Half of Manchus were put into positions of power

Civil Service Examination

Decline due to weak management of population

Weak and incompetent string of rulers near the end of reign

Ended up being entered by British through Opium Wars

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Tried to hide trace of outside influence

Restricted foreigners from entering

Restored Confucian teachings and civil service examination

Government controlled region strictly

Censored people and publications in empire

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Established empire from power vacuum left by Seljuk Turks

Conquered Constantiople

United most of Arab World through expansion

Had Janissaries for their military and bureaucracy

Declined because of inability to maintain large army and bureaucracy

Ottoman rules became corrupt and taxes became higher

Empire fell behind in warfare technology

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North and Central India were put under control

Conquered large portion through superior gunpowder technology

Established bureaucracy and patronized arts

Removed Jizya tax by Akbar

Later reinstated

Decline due to cost to protect northern borders from Mongols

Centralized government broke down into several political organizations

Opened doors for foreign powers, like the British, to take over

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All-time-high with government taxes

Well-administered government

Sold trading privileges to Europe

Qing lifted Ming’s restrictions on trade

Traded only through the port of Canton

Traded Chinese tea, silk, and porcelain

Brought in large quantities of silver

Restored agriculture for profit

Rice and wheat were large crops

Used a cropping cycle

Sold consumption crops and raw materials

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Had little outside trade except in certain areas with Europeans

Limited outside influence on China by restricting trade

Prohibited private foreign trade

Destroyed dockyards, limited size of ships that could be built

Began reconstructing the Great Wall

Formerly engaged in major expeditions of exploration lead by Zheng He which later stopped due to being too costly

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Involved very heavily in Silk Trade

Used taxes in country and trade routes to make revenue

Used devershime to staff military and government

Janissaries used for received education to work as administrators

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Fairly administrated laws

Efficient government

Strong, centralized government by Akbar

Effective civil service

Zamindars were government officials used for specific economic tasks

Got to keep parts of tax when collected

Centralized authority through architecture, art, and religion for control

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Patriarchal Society

Social mobility upward and downward

Forbidden intermarriage between Manchus and Chinese

Enforced Confucian gender roles

Servitude still alive

Forbidden for citizens to speak about politics against Manchus

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Patriarchal Society

Women not allowed to participate in Civil Service Examination

Jesuits allowed to enter country

Transmitted Christianity along with scientific and technological advancements

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Patriarchal Society

Some lower class women became involved in trade and small businesses

Women had no opportunity for education or politics

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Encouraged unity between muslims and Hindus

Tried to encourage unity with everyone in the region, especially by Akbar

All of this reversed by later emperor

Women were encouraged by Akbar to have a better role in society

Encouraged remarrying and outlawed sati

Arranged for women-only market days

Women rights had also been discontinued later on in the reign

Art and Architecture was important in empire and blended Muslim and HIndu styles

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During this period, many empires rose to power and reached their peaks, centralizing authority through many different ways and leading the regions through strong periods in different ways. Several land-based and maritime empires began that were multi-ethnic and had direct political control over large regions and were involved with international and regional trade across Eurasia. These countries were often involved with the three major trade routes as well, where goods and materials were bought by these regions as well as sold. One of the empires that rose and fell in this period was the Ming Empire, which came after a period of Mongol control, the Yuan Dynasty, and took control with an iron-clad fist to rid themselves of Mongol or any other outside influence. They were soon taken over by nomads in Manchuria, the Manchus, and the Qing Empire began, where their rule was legitimized by the Mandate of Heaven, as they began to control and demand loyalty from the Chinese. Both these empires went through their peaks in this period and experienced many similarities and differences in their ruling that had an effect on the larger outside world of the region.