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"Aggregations of population sometimes resulted in densely occupied centers that continued for long periods; sometimes such centers had populations that fluctuated seasonally, and sometimes the entire urban center shifted every few years." (Scarre 2013)

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1075 BC - AD 642

21st - Early part of the 25th Dynasty: Ended in the reunification of Egypt.
715 - 332 BC - Late Period: Comprised of the ater 25th Dynasty to the 30th Dynasty
During the Late Period Nubian, Egyptian was "brought to a close when Alexander the Great occupied Egypt."
332 BC - AD 642 - Greco-Roman Period: "Egypt was ruled by the Macedonian and Ptolemaic dynasties and became a colony of the Roman Empire in 30 BC."

(Scarre 2013)

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1540 - 1075 BC

18th Dynasty - Pharaoh Ahmose: Came to power in Thebes in about 1540 BC
1520 BC - Hyksos rulers were driven from the north.
1075 BC (18th - 20th Dynasties) -

Thutmose I

Amenhotep II

Sety I

Ramesses II

(Scarre 2013)

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Boettcher, Daniel. "Skull points to a more complex human evolution in Africa." BBC News  September 16th, 2011

Drewal, Henry ."Saharan Rock Art." Afro-American 241: Intro to African Art and Architecture  Last Modified September 5th, 2009 http://hum.lss.wisc.edu/hjdrewal/rockart1.html

"Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela" United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Accessed June 8th, 2016. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/18

Scarre, Chris. The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. New York, New York: Thames & Hudson Inc., 2013

Scoville, Priscilla. "Egyptian Hieroglyphs" Ancient History Encyclopedia July 2nd, 2015 http://www.ancient.eu/Egyptian_Hieroglyphs/

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10000 - 1500 BC - West Africa
Graphic: http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/304/media/images/55419000/jpg/_55419862_picture1.jpg

“Reanalysis of the 13,000-year-old skull from a cave in West Africa reveals a skull more primitive-looking than its age suggests. The result suggests that the ancestors of early humans did not die out quickly in Africa, but instead lived alongside their descendants and bred with them until comparatively recently."
(Boettcher 2011)

"Evidence for the intensification of hunting and gathering in West Africa"

A large microlithic quartz industry was excavated.

Increased use of a "finer material, chalcedony, as time went on."

Technological "innovations of both ground-stone axes and pottery first appeared"

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6000 BC - AD 2000 - North Africa and The Sahara
Graphic: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/7c/15/54/7c15541f46568c199f0b0a4db68821c4.jpg

Paintings and Engravings categorized into 4 periods:

Archaic/Bubalus Period:  8000 - 7000 BC

"Large scale animals incised and engraved on rock surfaces."

"Very naturalist representations of large animals: elephants, buffalo, hippos, giraffes, antelopes, etc.."

"Many of the animals represented are now extinct."

Pastoral Period:  6000 - 2200 BC

"Smaller scale paintings done with red ocher and white pigments."

"Depictions of cattle with humans."

"Characterized by accuracy of details."

"Men with weapons are common."

Horse Period: 3200 - 1200 BC

"Human figures become bi-triangular."

"Head size shrinks."

"Small weapons and horse-drawn chariots appear."

Camel Period: 2700 BC

"Most current period of rock art that was painted by the present-day inhabitants of the Sahara."

"Horses are depicted with Arabic fittings, but are rare."

"Human figures are very small and camels are common."

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10000-6000 BC - Central and South Africa

Characterized by;

Large Scrapers

Polished Bone Tools

Microliths

"These and other Holocene industries appear to have been made by modern humans belonging to the Khoisan language family."

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2000 BC

A crucial emergence in Ancient Egypt was "the development of writing, which predated political unification and which, it has also been suggested, resulted from stimulus from Mesopotamia, where the earliest writing was thought to have developed."

"The Egyptian hieroglyphic script was one of the writing systems used by ancient Egyptians to represent their language. Because of their pictorial elegance, Herodotus and other important Greeks believed that Egyptian hieroglyphs were something sacred, so they referred to them as ‘holy writing’. "

"The script was composed of three basic types of signs: logograms, representing words; phonograms, representing sounds; and determinatives, placed at the end of the word to help clarify its meaning. As a result, the number of signs used by the Egyptians was much higher compared to alphabetical systems, with over a thousand different hieroglyphs in use initially and later reduced to about 750 during the Middle Kingdom (2055-1650 BCE)."

3000-2890 BC- "Papyrus, the chief portable writing medium in Egypt, appears during the First dynasty."
1550-1295 BC - "Egyptian scribes used papyrus and other alternative writing surfaces, including writing boards generally made of wood."These boards were covered with a layer of white plaster which could be washed and replastered, providing a convenient reusable surface."
1550-1069 BC - "Bone, metal and leather were other type of materials used for writing. Surviving inscriptions on leather dating back to the New Kingdom have also been found, but the preservation of leather is poor compared to papyrus, so there is no certainty about how extensively leather was used."

"Around 2500 BCE we find the oldest known examples of Egyptian literature, the “Pyramids Texts”, engraved on pyramids’ walls, and later, around 2000 BCE, there emerged a new type of text known as the Coffin Texts, a set of magical and liturgical spells inscribed on coffins."

(Scoville 2015)

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4th - 7th Centuries AD
Graphic: https://hiddenincatours.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/6349827749_1aa064f1e3.jpg

“The 11 medieval monolithic cave churches of this 13th-century 'New Jerusalem' are situated in a mountainous region in the heart of Ethiopia near a traditional village with circular-shaped dwellings. Lalibela is a high place of Ethiopian Christianity, still today a place of pilmigrage and devotion."
("Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela")

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1975 - 1640 BC
Later part of the 11th Dynasty to the 14th Dynasty - "Political uncertainty remained at times, but the period seems to have been one of general stability, in which the state maintained control by means of less despotic pharaohs and a substantial bureaucracy."

Amenemhet I : First King of the 12th Dynasty
(Scarre 2013)

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5,000 BC

"Farming began later in the Nile Valley than in the Sahara, but included cultivation as well as pastoralism"

Merimde - "Stone-using village dwellers were making pottery, cultivating barley, emmer wheat, and flax, and keeping cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and dogs."
Fayum Depression - "West of the lower Nile, had a similar economy" as Merimde.
Esh Shaheinab -

"Domesticated goats and cattle at the end of the 5th millennium BC"

"Bone harpoons and shell fish hooks suggest that fishing was still important."

"Making axes and adzes by grinding both stone and bone"

Kadero - Domesticated goats and cattle
Sudan - Domesticated goats and cattle