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The process that Vitamin D is synthesized is the sun comes in contact with skin cells that have a molecule that converts UV light into vitamin D. From there the Vitamin D travels through your blood stream to your liver and kidneys here it truly becomes calcitriol and is dispersed to the bones

Source: Edpuzzle crash course video

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In the poles, it has a lower concentration of deep melanin color so it allows people to collect what sun was available to produce Vitamin D

Closer to the equator, it has a higher concentration of deep melanin color so it becomes an advantage because of the protection from the sun it provided

Source: Edpuzzle crash course video

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Vitamin D deficiency is more common in people with dark skin or people with more melanin in the skin. Larger amounts of melanin in the stratum basal layer of the skin reduces the skin's ability to produce vitamin D from sunlight.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3356951/

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Vitamin D helps maintain the health of bones and teeth, supports the immune and nervous system, regulates insulin, and supports cardiovascular health. If one is vitamin D deficient, they may experience fatigue or muscle weakness. Severe cases of vitamin D deficiency includes brittle and misshapen bones.
https://www.gstatic.com/healthricherkp/pdf/vitamin_d_deficiency.pdf
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161618.php

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Ana Q 1, 2, 7
Alexis Q 3, 4
Kristen Q 5, 6

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Yes, there is a correlation between skin cancer and the amount of melanin someone has in their skin. "But in terms of skin cancer risk, the protection is 500-1000 (66, 68) indicating that highly pigmented skin is profoundly protected from carcinogenesis."

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2671032/

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Melanocytes are found in the deepest layer of the epidermis which is the Stratum Basale. Melanocytes are the cells that synthesize melanin. (Podko)

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1) Stratum Corneum: 20-30 dead, horny layers
2) Startum Lucidum: Only in thicker layers of skin
3) Stratum Granulosum: grainy
4) Stratum Spinosum: Most layers; Location of keratinocyte
5) Stratum Basale: Actively mitotic stem cells; Location of melanocytes (Podko)