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"The Black skin is not a badge of shame, but rather a glorious symbol of national greatness" -Marcus Garvey

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The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People battled valiantly, but often unsuccessfully, against segregation and discrimination against African Americans. Its efforts focused on lobbying public officials and working through the court system. The NAACP also lobbied and protested against the horrors of lynching. One of the NAACP's most successful political triumphs occurred in 1930 with the defeat of Judge John J. Parker's nomination to the U.S supreme court. The NAACP joined with labor unions to launch a highly organized national campaign against the North Carolina judge, who was racist. His defeat demonstrated that African American voters an lobby groups had finally achieved enough influence to affect national politics and change decisions in Congress.

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Jazz, Blues, & Theater: Louis Armstrong (EQ 4)

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Jazz, Blues, & Theater: Louis Armstrong (EQ 4)

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When New Orleans native Louis Armstrong moved to Chicago, he introduced an improvisational early form of jazz, a style of music influenced by Dixieland blues and ragtime. Three years later, Armstrong awed fellow musicians with a series of recordings made with his group, the Hot Five. Armstrong became the first great cornet and trumpet soloist in jazz music.

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"If we must die—let it not be like hogs
Hunted and penned in an inglorious spot,
While round us bark the mad and hungry dogs,
Making their mock at our accursed lot.
If we must die—oh, let us nobly die,
So that our precious blood may not be shed
In vain; then even the monsters we defy
Shall be constrained to honor us though dead!
Oh, Kinsmen!  We must meet the common foe;
Though far outnumbered, let us show us brave,
And for their thousand blows deal one deathblow!
What though before us lies the open grave?
Like men we’ll face the murderous, cowardly pack,
Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back!"-Claude McKay

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Claude McKay was the first important writer of the Harlem Renaissance. He translated the shock of American racism into Harlem Shadows, a collection of poetry published in 1922.McKay's poems, such as "The Lycnhing" and "If We Must Die" demonstrated a proud defiance and bitter contempt of racism.

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"There has never been a movement where the leader has not suffered for the cause and not received the ingratitude of the People I like the rest am prepared for the consequences."-Marcus Mosiah

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After WW1, African American populations swelled in large Northern cities. These cities were full of nightclubs and music, particularly the New York City neighborhood of Harlem (which came to be the heart and soul of the African American renaissance). It was there that African American artistic development, racial pride, and political organization thrived. The result was an flowering of African American arts.

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During World War 1 and the 1920's, thousands of African Americans joined in the Great Migration from the rural South to industrial cities in the North.  In moving North, African Americans attempted to escape segregation, find economic opportunities, and have better lives.

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EQ #4: How African Americans influence American society in the 1920's? 

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EQ #4: How African Americans influence American society in the 1920's? 

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“He wasn't a baseball player. He was a worldwide celebrity, an international star, the likes of which baseball has never seen since.” -Ernie Harwell

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Due to motion picture and radio, sports such as baseball reached new heights in popularity in the 1920's. Baseball star Babe Ruth became a national hero, famous for hitting hundreds of home runs.

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For many Americans in the 1920's, not much matched the allure of motion pictures. In 1927 the golden age of Hollywood began when the first "talking" picture, The Jazz Singer, was produced. The mass media- radio, movies, newspapers, and magazines aimed at a broad audience, did more than just entertain. Their easy availability to millions helped break down patterns of provincialism. They fostered a sense of shared experience that helped unify the nation and spread new ideas and attitutudes.

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“If people bring so much courage to this world the world has to kill them to break them, so of course it kills them. The world breaks every one and afterward many are strong at the broken places. But those that will not break it kills. It kills the very good and the very gentle and the very brave impartially. If you are none of these you can be sure it will kill you too but there will be no special hurry.”  - Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms

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Many American writers wrote about their disillusionment with World War 1. Some known as the "Lost Generation" moved to Paris or other cities in Europe. They often wrote about "heroic antiheroes"-- flawed individuals who still had heroic qualities. Ernest Hemingway was one of these writers. He described the experience of war in novels such as For Whom the Bell Tolls and A Farewell to Arms.

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“They were careless people, Tom and Daisy- they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made.” -F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby

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F. Scott Fitzgerald used his colorful characters to portray the futile dreams that were chased in The Great Gatsby , which was his interpretation of the superficiality of the modern day. He is described as one of the best writers of the 20th century. Overall, writers of the 1920's varied greatly in their styles and subject matter.

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O'Keeffe made large-format paintings of enlarged blossoms, presenting them close up as if seen through a magnifying lens. O'Keeffe has been recognized as the Mother of American Modernism. The art of the 20's expressed the individual, modern experience. Many of O'Keeffe's paintings of landscapes and flowers showed in museams thoughout her long life.

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EQ #3: How did popular culture, the arts, and literature change in the 1920's?

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EQ #3: How did popular culture, the arts, and literature change in the 1920's?

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"In short, the result has been that in this country today human beings have reached a higher state of material welfare than in any other era of world history or in any other nation of the world." -T. J. Wertenbaker

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"The motor car . . . . is the outstanding Why of American prosperity—both commercial and visible." - Stuart Chase

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The growth of individual borrowing contributed to the boom of economics in the 20's. Attitudes toward debt started changing as people began o believe that they had the ability to pay their debts over time. Americans bought 75% of their radios and 60% of the automobiles on the installment plan. Some began buying on credit at a faster rate than their incomes increased.

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To attract consumers, manufacturers turned to advertising, which boomed in the 1920's. Advertisers linked products with qualities associated with the modern era, such as progress, convenience, leisure, success, and style. By promising long term saving and offering 30-day free trials, advertisers were often able to get consumers to try their product.  Easy credit terms and installment plans encouraged consumers to purchase goods, and often put them further into debt. Some of these techniques are still used today.

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"Now that radio has entered the field of politics, all that is changed. Voters may sit comfortably at home and hear the actual voices of the candidates. Every word, every accent and intonation comes to them directly without the possibility of error or misconstruction. The transmission of intelligence has reached its height in radio, for it goes beyond the power of the printed word in conveying the exact tone and emphasis of each phrase" -Gen. James G. Harbord (President of Radio Corporation of America)

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In 1913, Edwin Armstrong invented a special circuit that made it practical to transmit sound via long-range radio. The radio industry began a few years later. In 1920, the Westinghouse Company broadcasted the news of Harding's landslide election victory. The success of the broadcast inspired them to open other stations. By 27', almost 700 stations dotted the country. Sales of radio equipment grew from $12.2 million to $842.5 million. Soon, a rivalry between NBC and CBS began. The two networks sold advertising time and hired musicians, actors, and comedians. The new radio industry allowed Americans to listen to news more quickly.

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Ford's assembly line product, the Model T, demonstrated the economic concept of elasticity (how sensitive a product demand is to price). Cares such as the Model T revolutionized American life. They eased the isolation of rural life and enabled more people to live farther from work. This was the creation of the "auto commuter." They increased the demand for oil, allowed other industries to flourish (ex: Goodyear Tire) and allowed young people to have greater mobility and freedom.

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Center, National Humanities. The Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s: Collected Commentary (n.d.): n. pag. America In Class. Web.

Center, National Humanities. "BECOMING MODERN: AMERICA IN THE 1920S." Radio in the 1920s: Collected Commentary (n.d.): n. pag. Web.

Appleby, Joyce Oldham. The American Vision: Modern times. Columbus, OH: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2010. Print.

"Scopes Trial Newspaper Headline." Scopes Trial Newspaper Headline n.d.: n. pag. SIRS Decades. Web. 28 Feb. 2015.

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In 1926, Henry Ford cut the workweek from 6 days to 5, and International Harvester instituted an annual two-week paid vacation for employees. These changes took place because of mass production, or large scale manufacturing done with machinery, increased supply and reduced costs. Workers could be paid more and the consumer goods they bought cost less. The Mass production and assembly lines allowed new industries, such as automobile and airplane maufactuiring to grow.

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EQ #2: How did new industries and a consumer society contribute to the Roaring Twenties? 

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EQ #2: How did new industries and a consumer society contribute to the Roaring Twenties? 

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"There is, it appears, a conspiracy of scientists afoot. Their purpose is to break down religion, propagate immorality, and so reduce mankind to the level of brutes. They are the sworn and sinister agents of Beelzebub, who yearns to conquer the world, and has his eye especially upon Tennessee." -H. L. Mencken

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Fundamentalism/The Scopes Trial (EQ 1 ) 

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Fundamentalism/The Scopes Trial (EQ 1 ) 

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As morals of the new age became stronger, many felt as if the country was losing its traditional values. Many of these people, especially in rural areas, joined a religious movement known as Fundamentalism. They rejected the idea that human beings derived their moral behavior from society, not God. In particular, they rejected Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, and instead believed in creationism. In 1925, TN outlawed any teaching that denied "the story of the divine creation." The ALCU advertised for a teacher to be arrested for teaching evolution. John T. Scopes volunteered. The trial was broadcasted and Darrow's blistering cross-examination of Bryan hurt the Fundamentalist cause. Many felt that the new ideas of creation abandoned traditional ways of thinking.

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In the 1900's, the movement to ban alcohol grew. Some enforced prohibition because of religious reasons, and some believed it would reduce poverty, domestic violence, and unemployment. In the 1920's, the 18th amendment went into effect. The Treasury department struggled to enforce prohibition, and Americans blatantly ignored the law. Organized crime thrived on the illegal trade of alcohol. Crime became big business, and gangsters had enough money to corrupt local politicians. One of the most famous, Al Capone, dominated crime in Chicago and had many police officers and judges on his payroll. Overall, prohibition had reduced alcohol consumption, but it had NOT improved society in the ways its supporters had hoped.

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Prohibition in the United States: National Ban of Alcohol

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The Sacco-Vanzetti case reflected the prejudices and fears of the era. In April 1920, two men robbed and murdered two employees of a shoe factory in Massachusetts. The police subsequently arrested two Italian immigrants, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. The case became a big deal when the newspapers revealed that the two men were anarchists (people who oppose all forms of government). The fact that the men were foreigners and anarchists led many people to assume that they were guilty. The two men were executed on August 23d, 1927.

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"We believe, too, that the mission of America under Almighty God is to perpetuate and develop just the kind of nation and just the kind of civilization which our forefathers created. This is said without offense to other civilizations, but we do believe that ours, through all possible growth and expansion, should remain the same kind  that was “brought forth upon this continent.” - Hiram Wesley Evans (Imperial Wizard, Ku Klux Klan)

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Gaining the right to vote in 1920, many women sought to break free and abandon traditional roles and attitudes/behaviors that were expected of them. Ideas toward marriage and relationships were impacted by Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. The loving, emotional, and friendship aspects of marriage were considered to be linked to the most successful. Freud's theory also emphasized human sexuality, and his theories became more accepted topics of discussion. The automobile also played a role in allowing women to leave the watchful eyes of their parents. Women in the workforce ultimately began to define the new morality. It allowed women to earn money and break away from the traditional "household duties." They earned money from their jobs and this allowed them to participate in consumer culture. The "Flapper Girl" look is one of the many trends that resulted from the new found freedom in the 20's. Many young women stopped wearing corsets, bobbed their hair, wore short skirts, wore high heels and  wore rounded hats. They also smoke and drank prohibited liquor. These "New Woman" ideals clashed greatly with the old values.

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The Ku Klux Klan originally flourished in the South after the Civil War. The "New Klan" came back with more targets this time, including Catholics, Jews, immigrants, African Americans, and anyone they deemed "un-American." The Klan claimed that they were fighting for "Americanism" which they believed was under attack. William J. Simmons founded the "New Klan" and pledged to reserve a "white, protestant civilization." The Klan largely opposed immigrants and believed that their roots were being threatened.

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EQ #1: Why did the modern culture of the 1920's cause some people to think that traditional society and morality were under attack?

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EQ #1: Why did the modern culture of the 1920's cause some people to think that traditional society and morality were under attack?

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"I think the girl who is able to earn her own living and pay her own way should be as happy as anybody on earth. The sense of independence and security is very sweet." - Susan B. Anthony
(Women's sufferage)