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BF Skinner

Children learn their first language through stimulus response and reinforcement - imitation and association are essential processes. (p. 60)

Doesn't explain typical child comments and original phrases.

Proven least adequate for explaining observed facts in child language development. (p.63)

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"Behaviorists assumed that the child's mind was a tabula rasa, a blank slate awaiting the scripture of experience." (p.60)

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Noam Chomsky

Children construct grammar through a process of hypothesis testing. (p.61)

All humans are born with a language acquisition device (LAD) that  has an innate grammar template.

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Social environment, parents, and other caregivers influence language acquisition

Takes into consideration the importance of both nature and nurture

Conversation Scaffolding is often used as a method for caregivers to verify understanding and then model adult usage (p.63)

Children are constantly constructing meaning from interacting with the people and environment around them

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"With a finite set of rules, people can generate an infinite number of novel utterances." (p.62)

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"While the principles of grammar may indeed be acquired with little help from parents or other caretakers, adults are needed to help children build a rich vocabulary, master the rules of discourse, and distinguish between culturally acceptable and unacceptable forms of expression."- Howard Gardner (p.62)

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Audiolingual method- audio recordings that learners memorize

Pattern drills for verb forms and sentence structure

First listen and speak then read and write

Imitation, repetition, and reinforcement

Errors corrected right away to avoid bad habits (pg.65)

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"How well did his instruction work for you? When we ask our students in classes of 40 or so, only 1 or 2 report successful foreign language competence acquired through the audiolingual approach." (p.65)

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Second language acquisition is similar to but not exactly like first language acquisition

Many errors made by the learner were the same made by native English speakers when they were learning

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"...English language learners creatively construct the rules of the second language in a manner similar to that observed in first language acquisition." (p.65)

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Acquisition- unconscious and informal process with meaningful and real interactions with other people.
Learning- conscious learning/ formal process leads to "knowing about" a language.

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Acquisition of second language follows natural order like learning the first language

Natural progression:

Pre Production period

Early Production period

Speech Emergence

Intermediate Fluency

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English Language Learners can think about what they are saying and self-correct any errors

Learners need time, correct grammatical form and learned knowledge

Focus of language acquisition should be on communication, not memorization

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Direct result of learners' understanding of target language

Three constraints

understandable

contain grammatical structures that are next level from current knowledge

part of natural flowing language and purposeful communication (p.67)

Uses background knowledge, context, and non-linguistic cues such as gestures and pictures

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Learner must be in an environment they feel accepted and fell able to take risks and make mistakes

Low-anxiety learning environment

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Krashen's suggestions for second language acquisition

Focus on communication, not grammatical form

Allow students a silent period to gather thoughts and acquire knowledge instead of forcing immediate speech

Create a low-anxiety environment where learner feel comfortable taking risks and making mistakes

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"People acquire second languages when they obtain comprehensible input and when their affective filters are low enough to allow the input in[ [to the languge acquisition device.]" Krashen (1981) (p.67)