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1.) Scientific Processes
2.) Cell Structure & Function
3.) Cell Transport & Water Properties
4.) Mitosis & Meiosis
5.) DNA & Protein Synthesis
6.) Genetics & Biotechnology
7.) Evolution
8.) Plants
9.) Matter & Energy
10.) Ecology
11.) Human Body Systems
12.) Practice Test
13.) Practice Test Answers

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The scientific method has six steps. Make an observation, form a question, form a hypothesis, conduct an experiment, analyse the data and draw a conclusion, communicate results and redo the experiment.Observations foster curiosity, allowing the process to begin. Forming a question determines what exactly the scientist/conductor of the experiment will be trying to find out. A hypothesis is an attempt to answer your question with an explanation that can be tested. An experiment is then conducted to test the hypothesis and prove it correct or false. The data then must be dissected and a conclusion should be drawn to represent the data and either prove or disprove the hypothesis, it is important to never change your initial hypothesis. Communicating the results allow other scientists to conduct your experiment and basically check your work. Experiments should be redone many, many times to prove validity.

The scientific method.

Vocabulary: https://quizlet.com/_4sjw6g

This website debunks the steps of the scientific method:
https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/science-fair/steps-of-the-scientific-method

This video simply describes the scientific method:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVfI1wat2y8

What should be done if your hypothesis is incorrect?
A.) The data should be changed to fit your hypothesis
B.) Your hypothesis should be changed to fit the data
C.) Your experiment should be discarded because you were incorrect
D.) You should keep your hypothesis and all your data, and continue the scientific method.
(Answer: D)

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There are two types of cells, prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are cells bound with a membrane and prokaryotes are single cell organisms. There are many different organelles in a cell. The main organelles in membrane-bound cells are: nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, chloroplasts (in plant cells), golgi apparartus, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles, cell membrance or cell wall (in plant cells.) The nucleus is the command center of the cell, and contains the DNA. The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. The processes of respiration and energy production occur in the mitochondria, it also has its own DNA called RNA. The chloroplasts in a plant cell are responsible for photosynthesis. The golgi apparatus processes and bundles macromolecules such as proteins and lipids as they are synthesized within the cell. Lysosomes are responsible for the digestion of macromolecules. Vesicles are reponsible for material transport. Vacuoles are responsible for storage and homeostasis. Finally the cell membrane and cell wall in either animal or plant cells are responsible for monitoring what enters and leaves the cell. The endosymbiotic theory states that eukaryotic cells came from prokaryotic organisms.
Labelled cell organelles.

Vocabulary: https://quizlet.com/_4sjvvd

This website discusses the Endosymbiotic Theory:
https://askabiologist.asu.edu/explore/cells-living-in-cells

This video is a song with lyrics telling all of the organelles' functions:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dngsFl2X3nc

Prokaryotes are ____________________.
A.) A cell with a nucleus enclosed in a membrane

B.) A fancy word for the cells of protists
C.) A single cell organism with a membrane bound nucleus
D.) A single cell organism lacking a membrane bound nucleus
(Answer: D)

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Cohesion exists between two of the same molecules sticking together through bonds. This happens because negative and positive charges of different molecules are attracted. Adhesion is when different molecules are attracted to each other. Cohesion can create surface tension in natural water bodies, and it is the reason that organisms with incredibly low weight can run on water, because the surface tension is stronger than the gravitational pull on the small organism. A solution is the product of a solute being fully dissolved and diffused throughout a solvent. Cells are able to maintain homeostasis through osmosis by equally spreading water throughout cells. Phospholipids form the basic structure of a cell membrane. Three types of solutions are hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic. Isotonic solutions are two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across their membranes. A hypotonic solution is any solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than another solution. Finall, a hypertonic solution is a solution where the concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than on the inside of it.

Cell transport diagram

Vocabulary: https://quizlet.com/_4sjvg6

This website identifies and describes osmosis and diffusion:
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Kinetic/diffus.html

This video explains the properties of cohesion and adhesion:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPzXJEWg74c

Which two components make up a solution?
A.) Any two liquids in contact with each other
B.) Two solvents with no solutes
C.) A solute and a solvent
D.) Any solid and liquid
(Answer: C)

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Mitosis is important for the replication of cells into exact copies of themselves, unlike meiosis. Mitosis also creates body cells. Meiosis creates gametes and is the main reason for genetic variation. Humans usually have 46 chromosomes. Interphase is when the cell is growing and replication its DNA and carrying out cell processes, it must happen before mitosis or meiosis. The stages for mitosis and meiosis are (PMAT) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, then telephase, however in meiosis it happens twice. Genetic information is transferred among chromosomes while crossing over. A mutation is a random alteration in DNA leading to random traits. Genes are the part of DNA that lead to heritable traits in families.

Diagram of Meiosis

Diagram of Mitosis

Vocabulary: https://quizlet.com/_4sjv5l

This website is dedicated to explaining cell division (mitosis):
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/mitosis/a/phases-of-mitosis

This video is the Amoeba Sisters' explanation of meiosis:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzDMG7ke69g&pbjreload=10

In which cells does sexual reproduction occur?
A.) Eukaryotes
B.) Prokaryotes
C.) Both A and B
D.) None of the above
(Answer: A)

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The structure of DNA consists of four nitrogen bases, deoxyribose, and a phosphate molecule all intertwined in a double helix shape. The four nitrogen bases are thymine, adenine, guanine, and cytosine. They only pair as cytosine and guanine, and thymine and adenine. A weak hydrogen bond keeps them together. DNA is coiled tightly to form structures we call chromosomes. Replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. RNA is the DNA of the mitochondria. The synthesis of proteins takes two steps, transcription and translation. Transcription takes the information encoded in DNA and encodes it into RNA, which heads out of the cell's nucleus and into the cytoplasm.
This picture illustrates how the nitrogen bases of DNA pair up.

Vocabulary: https://quizlet.com/_4sjusi

This website tells all of the core mechanics of DNA:
http://www.dnaftb.org/21/index.html

This video explains the steps of transcription and translation in protein synthesis:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oefAI2x2CQM

Which of the following nitrogen bases does adenine pair with?
A.) Guanine
B.) Cytosine
C.) Thymine
D.) All of the above
(Answer: C)

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First of all, biotechnology is the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products. Dolly was the first cloned organism. She was a sheep developed from a cell from a sheep's udder and was genetically parallel to the sheep of the doner cell. Genetic engineering is the manipulation of genes for practical purposes. Punnet squares are used to calculate the probability of a certain trait of an organism using the alleles of the parent organisms. Dominant genes overpower recessive genes when present and guarantee a certain trait for an organism. Recessive genes can go through if there are two recessive genes in an allele without a dominant one. Recessive genes may still be present if the allele gain from the parents is dominant-recessive, and if could potentially appear in future offspring or future generations. A punnett square.
Punnett squares can be used to accurately calculate chances of horse coat color.

Vocabulary: https://quizlet.com/_4sjuhi

This website includes an in depth explanation of what biotechnology is and what it can do, as well as its three main benefits:
https://www.bio.org/what-biotechnology

This video serves as a walk through and thorough analysis of genetic engineering and cloning:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTFNbeNC4pA

Imagine one parent with a BB (brown eyes) allele, and the other with a bb (blue eyes) allele. What are the odds that the child of these two parents will have brown eyes?
A.) 25%
B.) 100%
C.) 50%
D.) 0%
(Answer: B)

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Evolution is the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. Natural selection is an important part of evolution. In nature, resources are limited, which lead s to competition. For natural selection to occur there must be variation, inheritance, a large or growing population, and death. With this the organisms with the environmentally favored traits will survive and keep their genes in the gene pool.
Signs of a common ancestors or not are: homologous structures, anatomical structures, vestigial structures, and embryonic similarities, and similar DNA sequences. Homologous structures are organs or bones that appear in different animals, underlining anatomical commonalities but have different functions. Anatomical structures are structures in different species which perform the same function, have similar appearance and structure but are not evolved together (Not necessarily pointing to a common ancestor.) Vestigial structures are structures in organisms that have lost all or most of their original functions in the course of evolution. (e.g. human appendixes.) Phylogeny is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms.
Derived traits are those that appear from mutation, not by natural selection but having the capability of starting a new trend of it. Unlike ancestral traits which are passed down through ancestry. Cladograms are diagrams that show cladistic relationships between species.

The accepted theory of human evolution (dramatically simplified.)

A simple cladogram.

Vocabulary: https://quizlet.com/_4sju6n

This website includes lots of information on Darwin, evolution, and natural selection:
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/evolution-and-natural-selection/a/darwin-evolution-natural-selection

This video is very informative, covering all major aspects of evolution: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOfRN0KihOU

Which branch of science is taxonomy concerned with?
A.) The classification of organisms
B.) The science of taxing
C.) The reaction of consumers to the taxes of renewable resources
D.) The study of organism reproduction
(Answer: A)

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Photosynthesis is the process that autotrophs go through to obtain energy for survival. It takes place in the chloroplasts. The formula for photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP = C6H12O6 + 6O2 (carbon dioxide + water + sunlight = glucose + oxygen.) On the flip-side we have cellular respiration, which occurs in all cells. It occurs in the mitochondria. The formula is C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (sugar + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + ATP energy.) Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant.
The parts of a plant are as follows: anther, filament, ovary, ovule, petal, sepal, stigma, style, carpel, stamen. The anther is the part of the stamen that holds the pollen. The filament is the slender part of the stamen that supports the anther. The ovary contains the ovules that will turn into seeds when developed and protects them. Petals attract pollinators. The sepal protects the developing flower from drying out while developing. The stigma collects pollen. The style assists with fertilization. The carpel is the female reproduction system that produces the egg cells and protect plant embryo. The stamen is the male reproductive system that produces pollen grains which contain gametes.
Labelled reproductive system parts of a plant.

Vocabulary: https://quizlet.com/_4sjtc2

This website gives extended deatail on both photosynthesis and cellular respiration:
https://www.ck12.org/biology/cellular-respiration-and-photosynthesis/lesson/Connecting-Cellular-Respiration-and-Photosynthesis-MS-LS/

This video is a "parts of a flower song" (cringe warning):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qKWw7JcXCY

What is the role of petals in sexual reproduction?
A.) Nothing, they are useless
B.) Attract pollinators
C.) Protect the other parts of the plant below from rain and sunlight
D.) Absorb light energy for photosynthesis
(Answer: B)

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Energy is transferred throughout the trophic pyramid, starting with autotrophs and making its way up. Trophic levels are a representation of where an organism lies in a food chain. Food webs are one way energy paths starting at a primary producer, leading to a primary consumer, secondary consumer, and then a tertiary consumer. Food webs on the other hand are several food chains intertwined with many possible paths. A herbivore is an animal that only eats plants. A carnivore is an animal that only eats meat. A detrivore is an animal that eats decaying organisms or dead matter. Omnivores are animals that eat animals and plants alike. Biomass is the total mass of organisms in an area.

Portrays a food chain and a food web, and establishes the main difference between the two

Vocabulary:  https://quizlet.com/_4sjt1z

This website includes more information on biogeochemical cycles:
https://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/biogeochemical-cycles

This video briefly summarizes nearly the entire unit of matter and energy:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6ubvEJ3KGM

What are food webs made of?
A.) One big combined distinct path of energy among living organisms
B.) Several food chains adjacent to each other and closely related
C.) All primary producers, and primary producers in the world, and how they interact
D.) A system of interlocking and interdependent food chains
(Answer: D)

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Ecology is the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their environment. A major part in it and everything because it effects everything is biodiversity, which is the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem. This can be impacted by emigration and immigration. Emigration is the leaving of organisms from an area and immigration is the entering of organisms into an area. It can be limited by carrying capacity, which also limits species population. Along with other factors that affect population density. Density dependent factors are factors that effect the size of a population regarding population density such as starvation, disease and migration. Density independent factors effect the size of a population regardless of density, such as natural disasters and weather and climate. Since organisms are so dependent on each other for survival, if biodiversity decreases so will an overall population of an area.

Coral reefs are perhaps one of the most biodiverse places on earth.

Vocabulary: https://quizlet.com/_4sjshx

This website includes just about everything needed to know about ecology:
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/ecology/intro-to-ecology/a/what-is-ecology

This video highlights the importance of bees in the biosphere and shows how they contribute to biodiversity, as well as what would happen if bees ceased to exist and how we might be able stop this:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GqA42M4RtxE

Biological Magnification is ____________________.
A.) Good for an organism
B.) Harmful to an organism
C.) Unrelated to organisms
D.) Hardly noticeable or important when effecting an organism
(Answer: B)

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From a lateral view, we can see the following major parts of the brain: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, corpus callosum, occupital lobe, cerebellum, temporal lobe, pituitary gland, pons, medulla oblongato, and the spinal cord. Their functions/definitions are as follows: the frontal lobe is involved with movement, problem solving, concentrating, thinking, behavior, personality, and mood; the parietal lobe is involved with sensations, language, perception, body awareness, and attention; the corpus callosum is a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two parts of the brain; the occupital lobe is involved with vision and perception; the cerebellum with posture, balance, coordination, and movement; the temporal lobe with hearing, language, and memory; the pituitary gland produces many hormones that travel throughout the body, directing certain processes or stimulating other glands to produce other hormones; the pons is the part of the brain-stem linking the medulla oblongata and the thalamus; the medula oblongato helps with breathing; and finally the spinal cord, a bundle of nerve fibers encased in the spine, associated with connecting nearly all parts of the body to the brain.
Blood in the heart is either oxygenated or deoxynegated. The different parts of the heart are: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, aortic semilunar, pulmonary artery, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, arteries, aorta, tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, pulmonary veins, capillaries, veins, carotid, bicuspid, monocuspid, arterioles, venules, and jugular. Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It is made in bone marrow.
The current accepted scientific theory of disease states that microorganisms start disease. The first line against diseases is your skin, tears, mucus, ect. The second line of defense includes macrophages, which engulf foreign substances; B-cells, which produce antibodies; killer T-cells hunt down and destroy cells that are infected with germs or have become cancerous, helper T-cells orchestrate an immune response and play important roles in all arms of immunity; finally, memory b and t cells are the cells that stay around after a disease is defeated, in case it comes back later, so your body will be ready to defend itself. Antibiotics prevent bacterial infection, while vaccines stimulate the production of antibodies to provide immunity against a disease.
The major reproductive organs in a woman are the vagina and uterus. The male reproductive system includes the scrotum, testes, spermatic ducts, sex glands, and penis. Sex causes the growth of the fetus, which will then develop into a mammal infant.
Body Systems

Vocabulary: https://quizlet.com/_4seehj

This website provides more information about the brain parts and functions: http://www.humanbrainfacts.org/basic-structure-and-function-of-human-brain.php

This video provides a fantastic summation of the immune system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQGOcOUBi6s

By which way does blood come from the lower body?
A) Superior vena cava
B) Aortic semilunar
C) Inferior vena cava
D) Jugular
(Answer: C)

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1.) What is the last step of the scientific method?
a.) Ask a question
b.) Make an inference
c.) Record your results
d.) Communicate your results

2.) What the the dependent variable of an experiment?
a.) The variable you measure
b.) The variable you change
c.) The question of the experiment
d.) The variable that remains the same

3.) What is the difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?
a.) Prokaryotic cells are cells with a nucleus enclosed within a membrane, and eukaryotic cells are single cellular organisms lacking a membrane bound nucleus
b.) Eukaryotic cells are cells with a nucleus enclosed within a membrane,, and prokaryotic cells are single cellular organisms lacking a membrane bound nucleus
c.) Prokaryotic cells are found in the respiratory system only, and eukaryotic cells are found in all body systems
d.) Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, and prokaryotic cells have chloroplasts

4.) Where is RNA synthesized?
a.) The mitochondrion
b.) The nucleus
c.) Cytoplasm
d.) Ribosomes

5.) What do catalysts do to chemical reactions?
a.) Slow down the reaction
b.) Stop the reaction
c.) Speed up the reaction
d.) Make the reaction happen instantly

6.) Can a substrate be an abiotic material?
a.) No
b.) Yes
c.) It must be
d.) All organisms live on an abiotic surface.

7.) How many identical replicas are formed from DNA during replication?
a.) 2
b.) 4
c.) 23
d.) None of the above

8.) What do the hydrogen bonds in DNA link together?
a.) Phosphate
b.) Glucose
c.) The helices
d.) Nitrogen bases

9.) Which gene that can be masked by a dominant gene?
a.) Other dominant genes
b.) Dihybrid genes
c.) Recessive genes
d.) No genes can be masked by a dominant gene

10.) Do analogous structures always point to a common ancestor?
a.) Yes
b.) No
c.) It depends in which organism
d.) It's completely random

11.) Which of the following points to a common ancestor?
a.) Similar anatomical structure
b.) Similar embryonic stages
c.) Similar DNA sequences
d.) All of the above

12.) What is the male reproductive system of the flower?
a.) Stomata
b.) Stamen
c.) Pistil
d.) Meristem

13.) Where does photosynthesis occur?
a.) Mitochondria
b.) Leaves
c.) Nucleus
d.) Chloroplasts

14.) Energy __________ as it is transferred.
a.) Decreases
b.) Increases
c.) Stays the same
d.) Radiates

15.) Which trophic level holds the most energy?
a.) Primary producers
b.) Primary consumers
c.) Secondary consumers
d.) Quaternary consumers

16.) What happens when a species reaches the carrying capacity of its environment?
a.) The species' population will continuously grow
b.) The species will deadline forever and never experience any fluctuations
c.) The species' population will wave up and down until something major happens
d.) The species will experience an exponential decrease in its population

17.) Emigration is the __________ of organisms.
a.) Entering
b.) Exiting
c.) Competing
d.) Predation

18.) Thrombocyte is the technical term for __________.
a.) Viruses
b.) Red blood cells
c.) White blood cells
d.) Platelets

19.) Which part of the brain is associated with hearing, language, and memory?
a.) Frontal lobe
b.) Temporal lobe
c.) Parietal lobe
d.) Cerebellum

20.) What causes disease?
a.) Viruses
b.) Dirt
c.) Microorganisms
d.) Allergies

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1.) D
2.) A
3.) B
4.) B
5.) C
6.) B
7.) A
8.) D
9.) C
10.) B
11.) D
12.) B
13.) D
14.) A
15.) A
16.) C
17.) B
18.) D
19.) B
20.) C