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This growing tension between religion and science came to a head in 1632. That year, an Italian scientist named Galileo published a book in which he stated that Earth orbited the sun. He was arrested and was put on trial.

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Before the 1500's, most educated people who studied the world relied on authorities such as ancient Greek writers and church officials. Between about 1540 and 1700, though, European views about how to study the world changed. This widespread change in views was part of the Scientific Revolution, the series of events that led to the birth of modern science.

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One of the first people to express against the catholic church was a German monk called Martin Luther. In 1517 he nailed a list of complaints to a church door in the town. They became protests.

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The Renaissance was a period of talented artistic achievements. Artists of the period created new techniques to improve their work. The artists wanted wanted their paintings and sculptures to show peoples unique personality.

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Leonardo drew sketches of many devices that were not invented until death. He drew a sketch of a helicopter. Leonardo wasn't such a great painter though, but was good at sketching things.

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It lasted about 1350 through 1500's. The renaissance is french for " rebirth''. People who named this time period believed it represented a new beginning, or rebirth in Europe's culture or history.