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in February 1861, those states joined together as the Confederate States of America.

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Lincoln sailed to victory, but it was an odd victory. Lincoln won the presidential election with just 40 percent of the votes, all of them cast in the North

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Rather than wait for Congress to act, Brown planned to seize the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.

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Douglas argued that the Dred Scott decision had put the slavery issue to rest, but Lincoln disagreed.

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Taney argued that slaves were property and that the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution said that property could not be taken from people without due process of law. But rather than banning slavery he said Congress had a constitutional responsibility to protect the property rights of slaveholders in a territory.

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South Carolina representative Preston Brooks, attacked Sumner in the Senate, beating him with his metal-tipped cane until it broke in half. Most Northerners viewed the beating as another example of Southern brutality.

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Armed invaders burned a hotel, looted several homes, and tossed the printing press of an abolitionist newspaper into the Kaw River. The raid on Lawrence caused a wave of outrage in the North.

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This Act was passed in 1854 and created two new territories, Kansas and Nebraska. It abolished the Missouri Compromise by leaving it up to the settlers to vote on whether to permit slavery in the two territories.

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A person arrested as a runaway slave had almost no legal rights. Northerners refusal to support the act infuriated slaveholders, making the enforcement of the act almost impossible

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This was the agreements made in order to admit California as a free state. The agreements allowed New Mexico and Utah to decide if they want to allow slavery, to outlaw the slave trade in Washington D.C. , creating a stronger fugitive slave law.

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For three years congress debated what to do about slavery in the Mexico territory. In 1849 California applied to the Union as a free state, the North welcomed them, but the south rejected their request. Northerners denounced slavery as a crime against humanity.

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Wilmot Proviso was was created by James Polk to ask for funds for the war with Mexico. Southerners in Congress strongly opposed the the bill, in the end the Wilmot bill passed the house but rejected by the senate.

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Slaves continue to rebel by running away. Slaveholders demanded that congress pass a fugitive slave law to help them recapture their property.

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The issue of slavery was becoming a big problem again, this led to the Second Great Awaking. Congress refused to consider Johns proposal.

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An agreement made by congress in 1820 under which Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state and Maine was admitted as a free state.