# data[].attributes.body
The information from this chapter can help individuals better understand how the society around us is constantly changing depending on how we interact with each other, how we interpret the world, conflict, and just natural shifts in the norm. Knowing how change works around us will give us chance to better our interactions with the people around us as well as how to properly understand and change this constant shift around us.
For me, this chapter helped me understand how exactly my views on our world have changed and that's because of my constant exposure to new groups of people and new environments.

# data[].attributes.body
-through this perspective, it is seen that society can change swiftly as a result of conflict

# data[].attributes.body
...is how social change shapes our definition of the world, ourselves, and our interactions with others. (how social interactions changes with society.

EX: people in traditional societies tend to define themselves as an integral part of a group and seek happiness from developing close relationships with others.

# data[].attributes.body
-humans interpret our society and the world around us a certain way, and we will act in accordance to these interpretations

# data[].attributes.body
-society is always marked by conflict and that conflict is the key to revolutionary change

EX: A society has two classes: the owner's of the means of production (the capitalists) and those who sell their labor (the workers).
-These classes are in constant conflict with each other. Marx believes that this conflict will lead workers to revolt against their capitalist society into a communist one.

# data[].attributes.body
-Collective Behavior: relatively unorganized and unpredictable social behavior
- Unstructured and unpredictable
- Each form of collective behavior is an attempt to deal with any sort of stressful situation

this form is dependent on how the people involved, are defined

# data[].attributes.body
1) Structural conduciveness

a group of some sort has to be established first

2) Social strain

3) The growth and spread of a generalized belief
4) A precipitating factor
5) The mobilization of participants for action
6) Inadequate social control

-These factors were created by Neil Smelser (1971). (p.406-407)

# data[].attributes.body
- a type of collective behavior characterized by a maladaptive, fruitless response to a serious threat
-commonly irrational and uncooperative

-EX: burning theater with a group of people stampeding out in panic

- preconditions exist prior to a panic occurring such as intense fear and mutual emotional facilitation
-mass hysteria often is comprised of people with little critical ability and little education

# data[].attributes.body
- a collection of people temporarily doing something while in proximity to one another

EX: gathered together on a corner watching a fire

-Gustave Le Bon, a French social psychologist stated that...

"a crowd is homogenous in though and action...As a crowd, they possess a collective mind." (p. 408)

-Sociologists only loosely believe in Le Bon's theory.
-The emergent-norm theory, created by Ralph turner and Lewis Killian, stated that members in a crowd tend to develop a new norm facing whatever situation they are in.

# data[].attributes.body
-most agreed that all societies progressed through stages (savagery, barbarism, and civilization) which is where the evolutionary theory originates
-evolutionary theory: societies change gradually from simple to complex forms

All societies followed uniform, natural laws of evolution. -Hebert Spencer (p. 417)

-modern theorists no longer imply that change represents an improvement meaning, a modern or organic change in any sort of lifestyle isn't always an improvement from another more traditional lifestyle

# data[].attributes.body
-modernization: social change that transforms an agricultural society into an industrial one

Modernization reinforces tradition or vice versa. (Hirschman and Nguyen, 2002) (p.415)

# data[].attributes.body
-some evolutionists believe that change happens in one direction, however, functionalists believe that it moves in a more CYCLICAL direction, moving in an endless series of cycles

1. Spengler's "Majestic Cycles": Oswald Spengler was the first one to make this cyclical assumption. He compared culture to an organism, which goes through a cycle of life to death. Modern sociologists believed that there was too much poetry and not enough science for his theory.

2. Toynbee's "Challenge" and "Response": Arnold Toynbee also believed that all civilizations rise and fall, however, this rise and fall depends on human beings and the challenges that their environment puts them up to. It also depends on their response to these challenges.

does not give us a means of predicting societal change

3. Sorokin's Principle of Immanent Change: Pitirim Sorokin believes that societies fluctuate between two extreme forms of culture: ideational and sensate.

Ideational culture: emphasized faith or religions as the key to knowledge and encourages people to value spiritual life

Sensate culture: stresses empirical evidence or science as the path to knowledge and urges people to favor a more practical way of life

Sorokin also believed in the principle of immanent change, which is the believe that social change is the produce of forces that exist within that society.

Many sociologists believe that Sorokin's theory is to speculative and impossible to test scientifically, but does explain certain changes in history.

(p.417-418)

# data[].attributes.body
-convergence theory: modernization will bring the West and non-West together by breaking down cultural barriers to produce a global society
-divergence theory: emphasizes the growing separation between Western and non-Western cultures
-these two theories counter each other
(p.415)

# data[].attributes.body
-when society changes to create new forms of social life, people will again define their world differently, affecting social interaction

# data[].attributes.body
-enthusiasm for a particular innovation (most often with clothes)
- sources often stem from value change or what is "good"
-most fashions come from the upper-class
-fads and crazes are similar to fashions but are less predictable and shorter-lived

fads can be a source of status to some people

(p.409)

# data[].attributes.body
-developed by Talcott Parsons
-All the parts of society serve some function and are independent. With this, we can assume that a change in one part will create a compensatory change somewhere else.

ex: Parents both have to work to create income, that is the initial change but who will care for the children? The compensatory change is creating more day-care places.

-This theory fails to explain WHY social change occurs, but does explain and describe how gradual change works.
(p.418)

# data[].attributes.body
-not necessarily false, just unverified

"A rumor is a communication people use in an effort to comprehend what is going on...where information is lacking." -Tamotsu Shibutani (p. 411)

-more likely to circulate if the demand for such news is present and if there is increased ambiguity
-anxiety also plays a significant role in rumor spreading

# data[].attributes.body
-formed when a public comes into being (measured by polls and surveys within that public)

a public is a dispersed collection of people who share a particular interest or concern

-the public opinion can be swayed by doubts said in private by individuals
-Propaganda is a form of communication used to influence/change public opinion.

Alfred and Elizabeth Lee identified different methods used to sway public opinion.
1) Name calling
2) Glitternig generality
3) Transfer
4) Testimonial

-The media can also influence or change public opinion since it can influence authenticity of certain information online.
(p.411-412)

# data[].attributes.body
-conscious efforts to bring about or prevent change
-more purposive and more enduring

types include: revolutionary movements, reform movements, resistance movements, expressive movements

CAUSES:

Frustration theory: frustrated and troubled if involved, use social movements as a diversion and as a way to gain a sense of being noble and good

Break-down frustration theory: a social breakdown (racial strifle, unemployment, etc) causes a social movement

Resource mobilization theory: availability of mobilization resources such as leadership, money, etc. cause social movements

(p.412-414)