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-Focus of modern city is often former colonial port, an export-oriented zone similar to commercial uses of CBDs in North American cities.
-Might include government zone.
-Commercial zone dominated by foreign merchants and ambassadors if it is a national or regional capital.
-Secondary commercial zone dominated by Chinese businesses.
-Industrial parks and regions of manufacturing along peripheries of some cities.

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-Central mosque in center surrounded by public service structures (schools, soup kitchens, etc).
-Additional mosques in outlying neighborhoods.
-Major roads from gate to center of fort, along which are traditional outdoor markets or covered bazaars (suqs).
-Residential neighborhoods have twisting streets and alleyways with common dead-ends, central courtyards in homes instead of yards in the front or back, and small windows above eye level.

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-Two CBDs: traditional and colonial.
-Informal economy zone (curbside, car-side, and stall-based business) which includes periodic markets.
-Zone of mining and manufacturing exists in many cities.
-Residential zones often based on ethnicity.
-Informal and squatter settlements along periphery.

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-Dense mix of commercial and residential land use with narrow, winding streets.
-Distinct land-use zones are hard to find.
-CBD has low-rise buildings, suburbs have higher percentage of high-rise buildings.

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Ester Boserup's Model of Agricultural Development

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Ester Boserup's Model of Agricultural Development

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A postulate by Danish economist Ester Boserup that agricultural methods depend on the size of the population. The larger the world population grows, the more innovations are made to make feeding the expanding population possible. Countered Thomas Malthus' theory on population growth.

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ester boerup's agriculture model or whatever.jpg

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Countered Mackinder’s Heartland theory. Spyman stated that Eurasia’s rimland, the coastal areas, is the key to controlling the World Island. The rimland contains the Heartland. Whoever would control the rimland, would eventually control the World Island. Whoever would control the World Island would soon control the world.

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Whoever gained control of Eastern Europe, controlled the Heartland –also known as the Pivot Area—and whoever controlled the Heartland, could easily gain control of the World Island (Africa and Eurasia). If someone could control the World Island and gain access and all its resources they would be able to gain control pf the world as well.

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The type of migration that occurs within a country depends on how developed it is or what type of society it is. Migration is also related to the Demographic Transition Model.

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1.) The majority of migrants go only a short distance.
2.) Migration proceeds step by step. There is a process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the attractive force is spent.
3.) Migrants going long distances generally go by preference to one of the greate centers of commerce or industry.
4.) Each current of migration produces a compensating counter-current.
5.) Natives of towns are less migratory than those of rural areas.
6.) Females are more migratory than males closer to their birth homes, but males are more likely to travel farther distances.
7.) Most migrants are adults; families rarely migrate out of their country of birth.
8.) Large towns grow more by migration than by natural increase.
9.) Migration increases in volume as industries and commerce develop and transport improves.
10.) The major direction of migration is from the agricultural areas to the centers of industry and commerce.
11.) The major causes of migration are economic.

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ravenstein's laws of migration visual.jpg

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A theory suggesting that people migrate because of "push" and/or "pull" factors. Some things, such as distance or money however, will intervene with the migration.

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Refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the CBD increases. It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city center.

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States that the nth largest region will be l/n the size of the largest city. The rank of a city within an urban system will predict the size of the city.
-For example: the third largest city in a system that exhibits the rank-size distribution would be approximately one-third the size of the largest city.

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Seeks to explain the number, size and location of human settlements in a residential system. The theory was created by the German geographer Walter Christaller, who asserted that settlements simply functioned as 'central places' providing services to surrounding areas.

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Shows the spatial components of a modern metropolis. Each realm is separate and is used for its own purpose, but all the realms are linked together to form one large city. Each realm is its own smaller city, but form one large metropolis when linked together.

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-Two part CBD at center of city; traditional market center adjacent to modern high-rise center.
-High quality housing extends outward from urban core along spine of development which ends in secondary center (mall).
-As distance increases, quality decreases.
-Outer ring (periférico) has poverty, lack of infrastructure, and shantytowns.
-Favelas in disamenity zones not connected to cities.

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Harris and Ullman's Multiple Nuclei Model

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Harris and Ullman's Multiple Nuclei Model

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The economical model created by Harris and Ullman. describes the layout of a city, based on Chicago.

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Focuses on residential patterns explaining where the wealthy in a city choose to live. He argued that the city grows outward from the center, so a low-rent area could extend all the way from the CBD to the city's outer edge, creating zones which are shaped like pieces of a pie.

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One of the earliest theoretical models to explain urban social structures.

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An approach to world history and social change that suggests there is a world economic system in which some countries benefit while others are exploited.

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The notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.

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A theory used to explain the process of modernization that a nation goes through as it transforms from a traditional society to a modern one.

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Describes how economic, political, and/or cultural power is spatially distributed between dominant core regions, and more marginal or dependent semi-peripheral and peripheral regions.

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Rostow's "Modernization" Model of Development

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Rostow's "Modernization" Model of Development

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Describes the predictable sectors of economy a country will go through as they develop and grow economically.

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Weber's Model Industrial Location Model (Least Cost Theory/ Locational Triangle)

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Weber's Model Industrial Location Model (Least Cost Theory/ Locational Triangle)

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Tries to explain and predict the locational pattern of the industry at a macro-scale. It emphasizes that firms seek a site of minimum transport and labor cost.

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Weber's least cost theory aka locational triangle.jpg

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Describes the different combinations of social, economic, and environmental practices that lead to sustainability.

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Shows how market processes could determine how land in different locations would be used.

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Describes the influence of a culture around its hearth.
-Core has the greatest concentration of homogeneity of the culture traits that characterize a region. Domain is the area outside of the core of a culture region in which the culture is still dominant but less intense. Sphere is the zone of outer influence for a culture region.

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If left unchecked, a population will outgrow its resources.
-Resources will grow arithmetically but population will grow exponentially resulting in poverty and starvation.

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Thomas Malthus population growth model.png

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Used to illustrate migration but can also be used predict any kind of interaction, such as economic interactions, between two places.
-Places that are larger and closer together will have a greater interaction than places that are smaller and farther away from each other.

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A phase of development witnessed by a sudden and stark increase in population growth rates.

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Shows five typical stages of population change that countries pass through as they modernize.
-After the second stage, as countries modernize life expectancy increases, death and birth rates decrease, and the natural increase rate slows down.

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The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.

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The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority to other persons or places.

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The rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.

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The spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself fails to diffuse.