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While Albert Bandura, Robert Gagne’, and Jean Piaget are psychologists who have very different learning theories, there are some similarities.  Their theories are concerned with the person or learner and their environment, and not what takes place in their mind, based on education, and ability to communicate knowledge effectively.  While Gagne’ identifies with Cognitivism, his early work was reflective of behaviorist thought and his ideas were linked to Skinner’s sequenced learning (instructionaldesign.org).  Bandura believed people learned through observation, Piaget felt children developed in stages through interaction with the environment, and Gagne’s theory suggests intellectual skills are learned through different types of instruction based on a hierarchical scale.

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Albert Bandura is the creator of Social Cognitive Theory which is constructed around how people learn through observing others.  “Bandura believes that humans are active information processors and think about the relationship behavior and consequences (Mcleod).”  In his theory around observational learning there are four modeling process steps:  attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation (Cherry).  The key theoretical components of this theory are self-efficacy, self-regulation, observational learning and reciprocal determination.  This theory can be applied to motivation and learning for students and teachers.  There are three models of Observational Learning:  live, verbal instructional and symbolic.  Live model is then the behavior is demonstrated or acted out.  Verbal instructional model provides descriptions and explanations of behaviors.  Symbolic model is about real or fictional characters displaying behaviors in books, films, TV or online media (Cherry).   This theory relates to experiential learning  and learn by doing or modeling.

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Robert Gagne’ is recognized for his Conditions of Learning.  This theory focuses on retention of intellectual skills.  He identified that there are different types or levels of learning and these levels require different types of instruction (Instructionaldesign.org).  This theory shows there are five categories of learning which include verbal information, intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, motor skills and attitudes.  Gagne’ proposed eight categories of learning which are hierarchical where the higher levels build upon the lower and increase in complexity.  Starting from lowest to highest are signal learning, stimulus-response learning, chaining, verbal association, discrimination learning, concept learning, rules learning, and problem solving (McConnell).  These learning concepts are being used in adult learning and experiential learning.

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Jean Piaget was a Swiss Psychologist known for his work on child development and Theory of Cognitive Development.   This approach used a learner centric approach that focuses on the student as the learner.  There are four developmental stages of this theory:  Sensorimotor (birth to age 2), Pre-operational (ages 2 – 7), Concrete (ages 7 – 11), and Formal (ages 11 – 16) (Instructionaldesign.org).  Adaption enables the transition from one stage to another (equilibrium, assimilation, accommodation) (simplypsyhchology.org).      This theory focused on the development of the person rather than what they learn and is more concerned with children rather than all learners.  Even though this theory focuses on children, I find it very important with adult learning to have a learner centric approach as well.

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Cherry, Kendra. “How Does Observational Learning Actually Work?” Verywell Mind, Verywellmind, www.verywellmind.com/social-learning-theory-2795074. Accessed 7/13/18.

“Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development.” Simply Psychology, Simply Psychology, www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html. Accessed 7/13/18.

Last Updated March 31st, 2018 11:14 pm. “Conditions of Learning (Robert Gagne).” InstructionalDesign.org, www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/conditions-learning/. Accessed 7/13/18.

Last Updated March 31st, 2018 11:41 pm. “Genetic Epistemology (Jean Piaget).” InstructionalDesign.org, www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/genetic-epistemology/. Accessed 7/13/18.

McConnell, Mike. How Students Learn: What Learning Involves, www2.rgu.ac.uk/celt/pgcerttlt/how/how4a.htm. Accessed 7/13/18.

Mcleod, Saul. “Social Learning Theory.” Simply Psychology, Simply Psychology, www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html. Accessed 7/13/18.

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Through the comparison of the three theorists, Bandura, Gagne’ and Piaget I found that their theories can be applied to 21st Century learning and teaching.  Bandura’s Social Cognitive Learning can be utilized in adult learning courses for adults to acquire new knowledge and skills through the observation other others.  Gagne’s Conditions of Learning can be used in adult learning to increase intellectual skills by using the higher levels of intellectual skills such as problem solving.  Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development uses a learn centric approach which is also important for adult learning.  All of these theories can be used in technology, specifically in the area of online learning, social media, and social interaction by using discussion boards for collaboration.