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Family Pedigree

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Yes, Jane has a good reason to be worried because cancer clearly runs in her family. Therefore, it is possible that either she or her children may also have colon cancer.

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If a tumor is classified as "benign", it means that the tumor does not invade nearby tissue. It is not a cancerous tumor, and it is only an issue if it presses on blood vessels or nerves.

If a tumor is classified as "malignant", it means that the tumor is cancerous, and can spread to other parts of the body.

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Benign tumors are less likely to harm your body, as the outlook is very good, unless it interferes with vital structures. However, malignant tumors are harder to treat because they are cancerous and must be found before it spreads throughout your body.

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When someone is predisposed to cancer, due to cancer running in their family, that person may have a higher risk of developing a similar type of cancer.

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No. It only suggests that there is a higher possibility. It is not a guarantee.

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At one point, Sam's DNA has an "A" where there should be a "T".

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The original amino acid will be replaced with a different amino acid.

The amino acid will signify a stop signal.

The amino acid might not be changed.

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Sam's ORF1 is a lot shorter.

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The original amino acid was replaced with another amino acid. In this case, it was most likely replaced by a STOP codon.

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Instead of a mutation in the DNA, it might be caused because cancer runs in their family.

However, cancer does not always have to run in the family for someone to get it. It is just as possible for someone to get cancer without a family history with cancer.

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We would expect the mutation to increase the ability of the APC protein to bind to ß-catenin.

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When the normal APC gene is damaged, there will be nothing to keep the levels of ß-catenin controlled, which will cause cell division to happen nonstop.

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Oncogenes - when an oncogene is mutated, the cell continues to grow even though it normally wouldn't.

Tumor Suppressor genes - tumor suppressor genes protect a cell from one step on the cancer. When it is mutated, the cell can progress to cancer.

Stability genes - stability genes control the rate of mutations. Thus, if there is one mutated gene, then this gene will most likely cause all genes to be mutated more frequently.

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The APC is most likely a tumor suppressor gene.

The ß-catenin is most likely an oncogene.

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I think Ms. Meeker would recommend Jane to maintain a healthy diet by eating more fruits and vegetables over red meat and/or process meat. I think she would also highly suggest Jane to schedule a meeting with her doctor regularly.

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The original amino acid will be replaced with a different amino acid.

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im pretty sure its actually decreased instead of increased looking at the diagram?