# data[].attributes.body
Muhammad Syahmi bin Idris (1629085)
Wan Nurfarzana binti Wan Mohamad Zani (1629342)

# data[].attributes.body
Nur Nasyitah Binti Md Rahim | 1622982
Nur Nadiah Huda Binti Kamaludin | 1623044
Nur Fathini Binti Mat Fuzi | 1623184

# data[].attributes.body
NORERMI FIRZANA (1627482)
NURUL SAKINAH (1627358)
AMIRA FARHANA (1627608)

MIND MAP TREATMENTS

# data[].attributes.body
NORERMI FIRZANA (1627482)
NURUL SAKINAH (1627358)
AMIRA FARHANA (1627608)

MIND MAP FACTORS

# data[].attributes.body
NORERMI FIRZANA (1627482)
NURUL SAKINAH (1627358)
AMIRA FARHANA (1627608)

NOTES FACTORS

# data[].attributes.body
mind map of shoot regeneration🌿

# data[].attributes.body
GROUP 16 - LATEST
GROUP 16 - LATEST 
Prepared by :
HUWAIDA BINTI KHAIRUL ANWAR 1629918
 FATIMAH ATIRAH BINTI JUMAAT       1620898
 AIN EZZATI BINTI BADARUDIN           1629706



				    


GROUP 12 (NEW
GROUP 12 (NEW
Group 10- Totip
Group 10- Totip
Summary of Paper 3 
by 
Dinie Adila 1627266
Haizatul Hadirah 1627304
Nuraina Amirah 1627044

GROUP 2
GROUP 2
Summary : The Prerequisite of The Success in Plant Tissue Culture
(High Frequency Shoot Regeneration)

GROUP 4 (Atikah, Najwa and Raudah)
GROUP 4 (Atikah, Najwa and Raudah)
The Prerequisite Of The Success In Plant Tissue Culture

Group 7 (new)
Group 7 (new)
GROUP 9
GROUP 9
Empty
GROUP
GROUP 
GROUP 6 Pt2
GROUP 6 Pt2
The environmental factors that should be applied in the controlled condition shown below
Group 7
Group 7
factors affecting explant's regeneration capacity in terms of plant materials;
- Source of explant - from best to worst; in vitro seedlings, greenhouse plants, field grown plants.
- Explant age-  younger seedlings can regenerate better shoots number than older seedlings.
- Explant size - bigger size of explant is better since they have more nutrition reserves and does not rely as much on added nutrients and hormones.
- position of donor plants - the best explant is retrieved from the younger parts of the plant but it also depends on the type of plants.
- Density - a given surface area should contain minimal number of explants planted in a good distance to minimize competition.
- state of donor plants - must choose healthier and younger plants for better regeneration.
- Genotype - within the same species or family there are variations of plants that have better regeneration capacity.

in terms of surface sterilization;
- The best disinfectant to use is NaOCl at the lowest concentration and a short application period. However, the use of this disinfectant is quite complicated as using it at temperature less than 10 degree celsius will allow contamination but temperature higher than 10 degree celsius wil decrese germination rate and also the shoot growth.

In terms of culture medium;
- the nutrient composition depends on the type of plants being cultured. MS medium is the most common type of medium.

in terms of culture condition;
- culture condition is based on environment or physical factors. lighting and temperature are the main factors. generally, +- 1 degree celcius of temparure is allowed

In terms of treatment
- water is the key plant's survival and growth. therefore, plant need adequate amount of water to continue regenerate.

in terms of osmotic pressure
- immersing explant into the medium after drying it- increase the uptake of growth regulators and water by cells.

Group 4
Group 4
Group 8
Group 8
GROUP 11
GROUP 11 
Group 9
Group 9
Group
Group 
Empty
GROUP
GROUP 
GROUP 8
GROUP 8
GROUP 15
GROUP 15

Surface sterilization
Aim:
To remove all microorganisms that can grow easily in vitro condition.
To maintain a healthy plant and seed.
This is because in vitro provide optimum condition for bacteria to grow.

Surface disinfectant:
1. Ethanol
2. Sodium hypochlorite NaOCl (more prefer because more effective to remove all kind of bacteria, fungi, and virus, also have strong oxidizing property)

Sodium hypochlorite (disinfectant)
Effect of conc.
1. Use low concentration and short time
2. If high concentration = negative seedlings growth, because the water content in the explant reduced.

Effect of diff temp.
1. Suitable temp., If too high there's no germination.
2. If too low, it will initiate fungal growth.

Culture medium
Common use: Murasige and shoog (Ms medium).
Why?: Have all nutrition that the plant need to give the highest regeneration percentage.

Culture condition
Control: light & temperature
Light: 
1. Fluorescent light
2. Above culture
3. Exposure duration: (16 h light, 8h dark)

GROUP 5 ❀Roti Tisu Kultur❀
GROUP 5 ❀Roti Tisu Kultur❀
Group
Group 
Group 13
Group 13
Factors affecting explant regenation:

1) Genotype
●depends on the plant gene
●e.g: herbaceous plant regenerate more easily than woody plant

2)physiological stage of donor plant
● regeneration of mature tissues < young tissues

3)Explant source
 ●in vitro > green house >  field grown 

4)Explant age 
● young plant regeneration > older plant

5) Explant size
 ● larger explant regenerate > small plant
 ●larger plant contains more nutrients and less depends on nutrients & hormones

6) Explant position in donor plant
 ●higher parts regenerate > lower part

7)Explant density
 ●high plant density=lower yield
 ●low plant density= higher yield
 ●due to competition 
 
 8) Surface-sterilization process
● Aims to eliminate and turns into free-microorganism condition
 ● Commonly used disinfectant was sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
● Two factors, concentration and temperature. Both related and work together.
 ● Too high concentration will affect the growth, while low concentration will be uneffective 
● 
culture medium
-consists of macro-nutrients, micronutrients, vitamins, amino acids or other nitrogen supplements, carbon sources, organic supplements, solidifying agents and growth regulators
-affect growth and morphogenesis
-followed according species
culture conditions
-explants cultured in the environmentally controlled factor, temperature and light
-lighting by fluorescent tubes and over heating inside caused by the light sources need efficient cooling system
-temperature variation should be as small as possible to avoid stress that can cause unsuccessful culture.
treatment using water
-water essential ingredient for photolysis and excellent solvent
-increased permeability epidermis layer & tissue's water content that can caused high tissue metabolic activity
-affects cell elongation (shoot regeneration)
 -capable of establishing new plantlets (rooting stage)

 


Group 3 Anonymous Fox
Group 3 Anonymous Fox
The Prerequisite of the Source In Plant Tissue Culture:
High Frequency Shoot Regeneration Capacity
GROUP 1
GROUP 1

Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. 
GROUP 14
GROUP 14

Plant tissue culture is based on totipotency. It is a term containing techniques used to propagate plants using explants on a growth medium under sterile conditions.

Explant is small parts living tissues and can regenerate shoots, roots and whole fertile plants under control conditions.

Objectives of plant tissue culture:
To obtain high frequency shoot regeneration.
To ensure transformation system occur efficiently.
To propagate clones of plants with attractive flowers and fruits in a large scale for ornamental purposes.
To increase the regeneration capacity.
To introduce the foreign genes coding of important traits into plant cells.

Advantages:
Species that are at risk can be cloned safely.
Plant production in the absence of seed can be done.
Plant production with desirable traits only.
Whole plants can be regenerated from genetically modified plant cells.
Plants that are produced in sterile culture are free from diseases, pest and pathogen.
Identical plants can be produced in large quantities.
Production of plants can be done in a short time (allowing fast propagation of new cultivars).
To avoid from producing plants with germination and growing problems.

Factors affecting the explant's regeneration capacity:
1. Plant materials - Stem, root, leaf, cotyledon and flower can be used as the explant. 
Plant genotypes - Dicotyledons can regenerate easily compared to monocotyledons.Herbaceous plant also can be regenerated easily than monocotyledons. 
Plant physiological state - The ability of plant to undergo totipotency which is usually young plants.
Explant source - The best source is in vitro grown seedlings.
Explant age - The plant of 7-day-old seedlings give rise to the highest result (optimum growth).
Explant size - Larger explant has higher amount of nutrition so it can be easily regenerated.
Explant position - The higher the position of the donor plant, the higher the regeneration rate.
Explant density - Density will increase when there is biotic stress factors. Hence, yielding higher production of roots and vegetables.
2. Surface sterilization process -
Aim: To eliminate all microorganisms that can easily grow under in vitro conditions.
Concentration and application period - Higher
3. Culture Medium - composition of growth medium will affect the growth and morphogenesis of plant tissues.
- the most frequent used medium is Murashige and Skoog Medium (MS Medium) as it give the highest result in shoot regeneration percentage, shoot number per explant and total shoot number per petri dish in all cultivars study. 
4. Culture conditions
- Culture room is the most ideal area that provide ideal condition for the growth of medium.
- Fluorescent tubes used for the lighting in culture room which can be installed under the shelves above the culture that provide a more uniform irradiation for the culture.

Treatments increasing explant's regeneration capacity
a. Increasing tissue water content
- Water is important to undergo photolysis process in which water is split using energy
- Water is an excellent solvent as the mineral ions such as potassium, amino acids,sugars(sucrose,glucose)and main components of protein will dissolved in water in plants.
- Water stress has caused the reduction in growth, yields and quality in field conditions.
- Pretreatments (hypocotyl) of explants with water will softened the epidermis layer and increased the permeability causing high tissue metabolic activity due to the increase in water and hormone uptake fromthe medium.
- Water-treated has higher permeability towards epidermis membrane compared to non-water-treated.
- Therefore, the water-treated has higher capability in developing new plantlet from shoot regeneration in contrast to non-water-treated. 

b. Regulating osmotic pressure of explant
- increases in the fresh and dry weight were due to an increase in the uptake of water and growth regulators from the medium where explants were first pretreated before being cultured.
- treatment of explants with liquid MS medium consisting specific concentration of BAP and NAA which will transfer water, solutes and plant growth regulators into the tissue, thus explant tissue culture are able to response faster and has high regeneration capacity.
GROUP 6
GROUP 6 
Explant is a parts of living tissues which can regenerated into shoots and roots under controlled condition on a artificial medium 
group 16
group 16

# data[].attributes.body
Prepared by :
HUWAIDA BINTI KHAIRUL ANWAR 1629918
FATIMAH ATIRAH BINTI JUMAAT       1620898
AIN EZZATI BINTI BADARUDIN           1629706

# data[].attributes.body
Summary of Paper 3
by
Dinie Adila 1627266
Haizatul Hadirah 1627304
Nuraina Amirah 1627044

# data[].attributes.body
Iylia Sofea Binti Abd Razak (1620186)
Nur Syuhadah Binti Hashim (1621150)
Yasmin Binti Khaliquzzaman (1613694)

The Prerequisite of The Success in Plant Tissue Culture
(High Frequency Shoot Regeneration)

# data[].attributes.body
The Prerequisite Of The Success In Plant Tissue Culture

# data[].attributes.body
factors affecting explant's regeneration capacity in terms of plant materials;
- Source of explant - from best to worst; in vitro seedlings, greenhouse plants, field grown plants.
- Explant age-  younger seedlings can regenerate better shoots number than older seedlings.
- Explant size - bigger size of explant is better since they have more nutrition reserves and does not rely as much on added nutrients and hormones.
- position of donor plants - the best explant is retrieved from the younger parts of the plant but it also depends on the type of plants.
- Density - a given surface area should contain minimal number of explants planted in a good distance to minimize competition.
- state of donor plants - must choose healthier and younger plants for better regeneration.
- Genotype - within the same species or family there are variations of plants that have better regeneration capacity.

in terms of surface sterilization;
- The best disinfectant to use is NaOCl at the lowest concentration and a short application period. However, the use of this disinfectant is quite complicated as using it at temperature less than 10 degree celsius will allow contamination but temperature higher than 10 degree celsius wil decrese germination rate and also the shoot growth.

In terms of culture medium;
- the nutrient composition depends on the type of plants being cultured. MS medium is the most common type of medium.

in terms of culture condition;
- culture condition is based on environment or physical factors. lighting and temperature are the main factors. generally, +- 1 degree celcius of temparure is allowed

In terms of treatment
- water is the key plant's survival and growth. therefore, plant need adequate amount of water to continue regenerate.

in terms of osmotic pressure
- immersing explant into the medium after drying it- increase the uptake of growth regulators and water by cells.

# data[].attributes.body
Explant is a parts of living tissues which can regenerated into shoots and roots under controlled condition on a artificial medium

# data[].attributes.body
Surface sterilization
Aim:
To remove all microorganisms that can grow easily in vitro condition.
To maintain a healthy plant and seed.
This is because in vitro provide optimum condition for bacteria to grow.

Surface disinfectant:
1. Ethanol
2. Sodium hypochlorite NaOCl (more prefer because more effective to remove all kind of bacteria, fungi, and virus, also have strong oxidizing property)

Sodium hypochlorite (disinfectant)
Effect of conc.
1. Use low concentration and short time
2. If high concentration = negative seedlings growth, because the water content in the explant reduced.

Effect of diff temp.
1. Suitable temp., If too high there's no germination.
2. If too low, it will initiate fungal growth.

Culture medium
Common use: Murasige and shoog (Ms medium).
Why?: Have all nutrition that the plant need to give the highest regeneration percentage.

Culture condition
Control: light & temperature
Light:
1. Fluorescent light
2. Above culture
3. Exposure duration: (16 h light, 8h dark)

# data[].attributes.body
| YUSOFF ARIFF BIN ZAIMAL ARIFF | 1622355
| NURUL’AIN NAJIHA BINTI JUMADI | 1622452
| KAMALIA ATHIRAH BINTI KAMARUDIN | 1622726

# data[].attributes.body
The Prerequisite of the Source In Plant Tissue Culture:
High Frequency Shoot Regeneration Capacity

MOHD BADRUL AMIN B. MHD SYAHRI 1621159
MUHAMAD SYAFFUAN BIN RAMLI 1621645
SITI NURNAFISAH BINTI MOHD ZURAIDI 1621336

# data[].attributes.body
WAN AIMAN ASYRAF BIN WAN JOHARI                   1628383
NUR AFIEQAH BINTI MOHD RADZI                      1628148
NURFATINI BINTI
RADZLIN                 1628364

# data[].attributes.body
Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition.

# data[].attributes.body
Nurafifa Akmal Binti Misman (1628938)
Nurul Azarima Binti Mohd Ali (1628752)
Wan Noraina Nabila Binti Meor Aminuddin (1628894)

Plant tissue culture is based on totipotency. It is a term containing techniques used to propagate plants using explants on a growth medium under sterile conditions.

Explant is small parts living tissues and can regenerate shoots, roots and whole fertile plants under control conditions.

Objectives of plant tissue culture:

1. To obtain high frequency shoot regeneration.

2. To ensure transformation system occur efficiently.

3. To propagate clones of plants with attractive flowers and fruits in a large scale for ornamental purposes.

4. To increase the regeneration capacity.

5. To introduce the foreign genes coding of important traits into plant cells.

Advantages:

1. Species that are at risk can be cloned safely.

2. Plant production in the absence of seed can be done.

3. Plant production with desirable traits only.

4. Whole plants can be regenerated from genetically modified plant cells.

5. Plants that are produced in sterile culture are free from diseases, pest and pathogen.

6. Identical plants can be produced in large quantities.

7. Production of plants can be done in a short time (allowing fast propagation of new cultivars).

8. To avoid from producing plants with germination and growing problems.

Factors affecting the explant's regeneration capacity:
1. Plant materials - Stem, root, leaf, cotyledon and flower can be used as the explant.

Plant genotypes - Dicotyledons can regenerate easily compared to monocotyledons.Herbaceous plant also can be regenerated easily than monocotyledons.

Plant physiological state - The ability of plant to undergo totipotency which is usually young plants.

Explant source - The best source is in vitro grown seedlings.

Explant age - The plant of 7-day-old seedlings give rise to the highest result (optimum growth).

Explant size - Larger explant has higher amount of nutrition so it can be easily regenerated.

Explant position - The higher the position of the donor plant, the higher the regeneration rate.

Explant density - Density will increase when there is biotic stress factors. Hence, yielding higher production of roots and vegetables.

2. Surface sterilization process -
Aim: To eliminate all microorganisms that can easily grow under in vitro conditions.

Concentration and application period - Higher

3. Culture Medium - composition of growth medium will affect the growth and morphogenesis of plant tissues.
- the most frequent used medium is Murashige and Skoog Medium (MS Medium) as it give the highest result in shoot regeneration percentage, shoot number per explant and total shoot number per petri dish in all cultivars study.
4. Culture conditions
- Culture room is the most ideal area that provide ideal condition for the growth of medium.
- Fluorescent tubes used for the lighting in culture room which can be installed under the shelves above the culture that provide a more uniform irradiation for the culture.

Treatments increasing explant's regeneration capacity
a. Increasing tissue water content
- Water is important to undergo photolysis process in which water is split using energy
- Water is an excellent solvent as the mineral ions such as potassium, amino acids,sugars(sucrose,glucose)and main components of protein will dissolved in water in plants.
- Water stress has caused the reduction in growth, yields and quality in field conditions.
- Pretreatments (hypocotyl) of explants with water will softened the epidermis layer and increased the permeability causing high tissue metabolic activity due to the increase in water and hormone uptake fromthe medium.
- Water-treated has higher permeability towards epidermis membrane compared to non-water-treated.
- Therefore, the water-treated has higher capability in developing new plantlet from shoot regeneration in contrast to non-water-treated.

b. Regulating osmotic pressure of explant
- increases in the fresh and dry weight were due to an increase in the uptake of water and growth regulators from the medium where explants were first pretreated before being cultured.
- treatment of explants with liquid MS medium consisting specific concentration of BAP and NAA which will transfer water, solutes and plant growth regulators into the tissue, thus explant tissue culture are able to response faster and has high regeneration capacity.