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Dred Scott was a slave who lived in Missouri with his master. Scott and his master eventually moved to the free states of Illinois and Wisconsin, but then moved back. When they moved back, Scott wanted to sue for his freedom claiming that when they moved to those states, he became a free man. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney took the case and carefully looked it over. Then the court came up with 2 decisions that affected the case. Number 1 ruled that African Americans were not citizens and had no right to sue in court. Number 2 ruled that Congress did not have the constitutional authority to ban slavery from the states. Chief Justice Taney also claimed that slavery could not be prohibited in any state or territory. Later a dissenter named Benjamin Curtis said that free blacks were citizens with the right to vote in 5 states at the time of that ruling. This case really brought up sectional tension between the North and the South.

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An election seems really simple but the elections of Abraham Lincoln was one of the biggest causes of the civil war. Abraham Lincoln was a republican who strongly believed in having a slave free country, this struck fear into many southerners. On December 20, 1860, right after the election, South Carolina seceded from the Union. Six more states followed by the spring of 1861.

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John Brown was an abolitionist who felt the need to revolt against slavery. In mid-October of 1859, Brown recruited some white men and free blacks and raided an armory in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. He hoped to acquire weapons and give them to Southern slaves in order to start a series of slave uprisings. He managed to enter into the armory, but then was quickly surrounded and he was forced to surrender under the command of Colonel Robert E. Lee. He was then tried and hung, but he was remembered as a martyr for the abolitionist cause. Slowly, the southerners began to militarize themselves for future uprisings.

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In here, Stephen Douglass shows up again with his dream of U.S. expansion and building a a trans-continental railroad. He first needed the Native Americans to leave their land in Kansas which was a problem but he had support so they got it finished. The next problem was bigger because he needed the support of southern democrats to get this territory admitted but it would be difficult to admit Kansas as a free state if the south heard, which they did. So his solution was the Kansas-Nebraska Bill which called for popular sovereignty in any new states which allowed each state to decide if they wanted slavery which was a contradiction of the Missouri Compromise. This act became law on May 30, 1854. Forces for pro-slavery then came to try and get the people in Kansas to go with their ideas. Then forces with anti-slavery also came in. Then the two were there in Kansas and there was a lot of violence. After all this violence and death Kansas finally joined the union as a free state.

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https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/trigger-events-civil-war

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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9MAhZQQd9egwWCxrwSIsJQ

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In Charleston, South Carolina, issues started rising up. A man by the name of Denmark Vesey had had enough of slavery and decided that he wanted to revolt against it. So he met with a couple of fellow slaves on some occasions to plan the revolt. This plan almost exactly the same as the one proposed by Nat Turner 9 years later. Except for the fact that Nat Turner actually completed the rebellion and Denmark Vesey didn't even get to start it. The plan was to go around the town and kill every single white man, woman, and child. This plan flawed because of the plan being read through the plantation. When this plan was heard of by a plantation owner, he immediately alerted the authorities. Many slaves were captured and hanged. The last was Denmark Vesey who had gone into hiding at his wife's house. He was also captured and then hanged.

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Not long after the Nullification Crisis the U.S. runs into a problem with Mexico. Mexico was very upset and bitter about losing Texas and also that Texas wanted to join the U.S. Another reason there was trouble was due to the fact that American settlers believed in Manifest Destiny which was the settlers belief that they had the authority to move westward, but most of the western land belonged to Mexico. This resulted in the start of the Mexican-American War. After two long years of fighting, Mexico eventually surrendered and the U.S. nearly doubled in size. Also on top of this Americans offered lots of Mexicans the chance to become American citizens because they're were already in newly acquired land. Americans promised that their new rights would be protected under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This was a big loss for Mexico, and a big win for the U.S.

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The abolitionist movement was a really strong movement that hated and wanted to get rid of slavery. It was led many encouraging people that just hated slavery. We had Nat Turner who started a very violent rebellion killing sixty white people. We had Harriet Tubman who helped 70 slaves escape to the North. Also William Lloyd Garrison who helped by publishing a paper every week speaking out against slavery. We had Frederick Douglass who was known as the father of abolition due to his wellness in public speaking against slavery. We had Harriet Beecher Stowe with her book Uncle Tom's Cabin which was also about anti-slavery to show people all around the nation how bad it was. There was also John Brown who wasn't the brightest but still participated by trying to arm slaves on his raid at Harper's Ferry. This movement was really big and changed the hearts of many Americans

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We started off as 22 states, the Northern 11 were free states and the Southern 11 were slave states. Then a new territory, Missouri, spoke with Congress saying that they wanted to become a slave state, but if this happened the statehood would be unbalanced. So Congress reached an agreement that Missouri would be admitted as a slave state and Maine would be admitted as a free state, to keep the Congressional balance. Also a line was drawn through the unincorporated western territory along the Parallel 36°30′ north, dividing north and south as free and slave.

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https://www.knowitall.org/video/denmark-vesey-palmetto-heritage

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https://www.pbs.org/video/latino-americans-mexican-american-war/

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This is a tough time because the nation is in the aftermath of the Mexican-American war and they wanted to admit a new state with no history of slavery but they thought it might alter the sectional balance between slave and free states in the U.S. Senate. Then in January of 1850 a young democratic senator from Illinois named Stephen Douglass tried to adjust the issue of sectional debate between the country. He decided that the only way to do this was by getting all the elements and separating them. By doing this he came up with 5 different bills, the most important being the Fugitive Slave Act which stated that if any runaway slave were caught in the north, that whoever catches him/her must return them back to the south. For a while they were relieved that they had come to a compromise but it was a really shaky one. It later fell apart.

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Coming up in 1828 was a really big struggle to keep the U.S. together. Andrew Jackson at the time was the president and he decided to put a tariff on new imported goods. This was good for the north because the north started getting more factories so they didn't have to really buy much. But this was bad for the south because the south sold cotton to these countries and they didn't want these countries to put a tariff on their cotton. This made Jackson's Vice President, John C. Calhoun, mad because he was a southerner. Andrew Jackson then lowered the tariff by a little bit but the south still wasn't happy. And so, the south threatened to secede and nullify, but Jackson did not allow this. he said that if they did that then he would come forcefully with his army and take over. After this we would not hear about this until before the Civil War.