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Trading in Ancient Egypt was a very big part of the economy. Ancient Egyptians started trading goods to other countries in the fourth century BC.  Most of the trading was done by ship to countries around the Mediterranean, Aegean and Red Seas.  Egyptians mostly traded grain, linens, papyrus sheets, gold and other minerals.  They traded their goods for things like copper, animal skins, ivory, silver, iron, spices, rare stones and wild animals.

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The Egyptians were polytheistic, which means they celebrated more than one god. The Egyptians would use animal sacrifices and have festivals to celebrate the gods. They built temples to communicate with the gods. The Egyptians believed in the gods heavily and religion played a big part in the history of the Egyptians. The Egyptians believed in the afterlife and the gods were the deciding factor of whether you went to the afterlife or not. They also had a god for everything to show their appreciation for those things. They also represented the gods with holy animals to show appreciation. The Egyptians would use temples to communicate with the gods. Priests would oversee the temples and would care for the gods. The Priests had to prepare others for the afterlife, supervise the artists and their works, and help people on their problems. They believed in the afterlife. Because of this, mummification was performed to preserve the body. This is why “mummies” are associated with ancient Egypt. In addition, large pyramids were constructed as tombs for the pharaohs during the Old Kingdom. Later, hidden tombs were used to bury the pharaohs. Because their religion believed strongly in an afterlife, Egyptians devoted much time and wealth to preparing for survival in the next world, such as mummification. The Egyptians believed that preserving the bodies in tombs and we use coffins today to do the same thing. One difference is that we do not create pyramids for each death in the world today like Egyptians did.

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The Nile-the only reason that civilization arose in ancient Egypt at all. In the fourth century B.C., the Greek historian Herodotus reported that "Egypt is the gift of the Nile." He meant that Egypt received virtually no rain, and so all of its water — for drinking, washing, irrigation of crops and operation of water-wheels — came solely from this one river. The Nile is the second longest river in the world after the Amazon. Since the headwaters of the Nile are deep in central east Africa (at Lake Victoria), the river flooded annually during the height of Egyptian civilization. Spring in the Ethiopian highlands would melt the snow, which then gradually overflowed the river, and the Nile would gently rise.

Four Divisions-are useful in considering Egypt's geography. The first division is between Upper and Lower Egypt, while the second is between the Red Land (Desert) and the Black Land (Kermet). People are normally confused about the first division, because Upper Egypt is in the south, while Lower Egypt is in the north. Upper or southern Egypt, is a narrow river valley, rarely more than twelve miles wide, and more frequently only one or two miles wide.

The second major division, between Red and Black Lands, is a division between the black and fertile soil of the Nile Valley, and the ruddy, sandy and arid wastes of the desert. While oases existed in the western desert, the eastern desert was largely empty of habitation, except around a few mines and quarries for especially valuable stone. The ancient Egyptians were wholly conscious of how much they lived in a narrow strip of farmland surrounded by hostile wilderness to the east and west.

Upper Egypt-extended from Memphis in the north to Abu (Elephantine) in the south. This is approximately the distance from the 30-degrees North line to the Tropic of Cancer. The western oasis of Fayum is within this district, as are the major cities of Herakelopolis, Quis, Thinis, Abydos, Dendera, Nekhen/Hierakonpolis, and Edfu.

Upper Egypt is a narrow river valley, with steep cliffs rising on either side. Numerous wadis feed into the Nile in this region, and the river itself is rarely more than a mile wide. The valley is often as narrow as six or eight miles.

Lower Egypt-is the delta. Almost three hundred miles across at the mouth of the Nile, the great fan-shaped region was the breadbasket of ancient Egypt and later of the Roman Empire. Archaeology in Lower Egypt is difficult, since the regularly shifting paths of the rivers and the annual Inundation have often swept away both artifacts and buildings.

Black Landswas the fertile land on the banks of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians used this land for growing their crops. This was the only land in ancient Egypt that could be farmed because a layer of rich, black silt was deposited there every year after the inundation of the Nile.

Red Lands-was known as life in ancient Egypt and was also a barren desert that protected Egypt on two sides. These deserts separated ancient Egypt from neighboring countries and invading armies. They also provided the ancient Egyptians with a source for precious metals and semi-precious stones.

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