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the bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church.

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1. the period of European history from the fall of the Roman Empire in the West (5th century) to the fall of Constantinople (1453), or, more narrowly, from c. 1100 to 1453.

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Charlemagne or Charles the Great,  King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800.

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Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of northwestern Europe in the 8th–11th centuries.

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the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

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An agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate.

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peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land and on their lord.

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man who served his sovereign or lord as a mounted soldier in armor.

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a large building or group of buildings fortified against attack with thick walls, battlements, towers, and in many cases a moat.

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a military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building, cutting off essential supplies, with the aim of compelling the surrender of those inside.

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the faith, practice, and church order of the Roman Catholic Church.

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The founder of Islam.

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The Islamic sacred book.

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is a religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition.

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A struggle against the enemies of Islam.

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A group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs.

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Is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document.

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Is the earliest known chemical explosive.

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A system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

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he branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock.

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East-Central Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

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The vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrub lands biome.

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A group of close-knit and interrelated families.

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The founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire

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Attacks are used to inflict damage on a target and immediately exit the area to avoid the enemy's defense and/or retaliation.

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he use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror among masses of people;

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An online black market and the first modern dark-net market, best known as a platform for selling illegal drugs.

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Constantinople was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire

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Skill of managing international relations.

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laws and legal interpretations developed under the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor Justinian

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Greek fire was an incendiary weapon used by the Eastern Roman Empire.

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A new military system created during the Heraclian Dynasty of the Byzantine Empire.

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The break of communion between what are now the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox churches.

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One of three types of plague caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis.

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A member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard.

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a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.

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the act of selling church offices and roles

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an institutional act of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular receiving of the sacraments.

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pay or give as a tithe.

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Pope Urban II, born Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was Pope from 12 March 1088 to his death in 1099

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the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.

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period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula

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Was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile

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The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries

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An educational institution

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the language or variety of a language used in everyday life by the common people of a specific population

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A regime of crop rotation that was used in medieval and early-modern Europe

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An association of artisans or merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area

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Consisted in the creation of a European economy based on trade

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a period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe

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Microorganisms as weapons of war

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An extreme form of mortification of their own flesh by whipping it with various instruments

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A type of bow that is tall

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The Maid of Orleans

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atriotic feeling, principles, or efforts

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a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium, thereby transferring the ink

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Renaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought.

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An Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, humanist, writer, playwright and poet of the Renaissance period

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thing that is indulged in; a luxury

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a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther

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The divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially with regard to the salvation of some and not others

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Was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church

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A group of people of one nationality or ethnic group living in a foreign city or country.

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Bartolomeu Dias, a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer

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Divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Crown of Castile

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Known as the Columbian interchange

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A tribute is wealth, often in kind, that a party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often the case in historical contexts, of submission or allegiance.

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Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century.

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A totem is a spirit being, sacred object, or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of people, such as a family, clan, lineage, or tribe.

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The Seven Years' War was a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763.

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Mercantilism is a national economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports of a nation.

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Triangular trade or triangle trade is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions.

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Tsetse, sometimes spelled tzetze and also known as tik-tik flies, are large biting flies that inhabit much of tropical Africa.

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A nation on West Africa’s Gulf of Guinea, is known for diverse wildlife, old forts and secluded beaches, such as at Busua.

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Animism is the religious belief that objects, places and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence.

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Musa I or Mansa Musa was the tenth Mansa, which translates to "sultan", "conqueror", or "emperor", of the wealthy West African Mali Empire.

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The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade.

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Signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time.

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a line of hereditary rulers of a country.

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Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

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The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.

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Mercantilism is a national economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports of a nation.

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A tariff is a tax on imports or exports between sovereign states.

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the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.

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The Edict of Fontainebleau was an edict issued by Louis XIV of France, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

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1. the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.

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The Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, the "Century of Philosophy"

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a person engaged or learned in philosophy, especially as an academic discipline.

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a supreme ruler, especially a monarch.

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an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection

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A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.

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The state of nature is a concept used in moral and political philosophy, religion, social contract theories and international law to denote the hypothetical conditions of what the lives of people might have been like before societies came into existence

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1. an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.

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Enlightened absolutism refers to the conduct and policies of European absolute monarchs during the 18th and 19th centuries who were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, espousing them to enhance their power.

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the bicameral legislative body in the Netherlands.

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The French Revolution was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799.

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The Reign of Terror, or The Terror, is the label given by most historians to a period during the French Revolution after the First French Republic was established.

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A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading.