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A description of Parkinson's disease and why it is referred to as a neurodegenerative disease

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A description of Parkinson's disease and why it is referred to as a neurodegenerative disease

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A CNS neurodegenerative disorder characterised by both motor and non-motor symptoms. It is referred to a as neurodegenerative because the neurons in the substania nigra, which controls voluntary muscle to produce smooth and coordinated movement and produce the neurotransmitter called dopamine, degenerate. The amount of dopamine available for motor activity reduces as neurons gradually die.

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Image of the Substania Nigra's location in the brain.

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Image of the Substania Nigra's location in the brain.

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The prevalence of this disease in Australia and the people that tend to be most affected by this

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The prevalence of this disease in Australia and the people that tend to be most affected by this

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- A report by Deloitte Access Economics (2015) shows that Australia’s second most common
neurological disease, Parkinson’s Disease, is growing in prevalence (by 27% over the last
nine years). One in every 340 Australians lives with Parkinson’s disease
- The incidence of this disease increasing to one in 100 over the age of 60. In Australia, there are approximately 80,000 people living with Parkinson’s disease, with one in five of these people being diagnosed before the age of 50.

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- Age
- Genetics

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Psychological experience of motor symptoms can worsen or contribute to the development of non-motor sympotms

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Psychological experience of motor symptoms can worsen or contribute to the development of non-motor sympotms

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- There is an inner-relationship between mental and physical health
- For example, the gradual loss of motor control and therefore the ability to engage in previously enjoyable physical activities can adversely affect mental health; increasing anxiety, confusion, loss of confidence in one's abilities, loss of self-esteem, etc. correlating with gradual loss of motor control

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- Rigidity which is the unusual stiffness in a limb or other body part
- Bradykinesia which means the slowness in movement, this is the slowing down and loss of voluntary movement.
- Resting tremor, which is an involuntary movement of muscle contraction and relaxation, twitching movements of one or more body parts.
- Postural instability, problems with standing and walking, or impaired balance and coordination.

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The role of the CNS and neurotransmitters 

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The role of the CNS and neurotransmitters 

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- Dopamine is a neurotransmitter chemical that passes messages between different sections of the brain.
- The cells that produce dopamine are damaged in people with Parkinson’s disease.
- Without an adequate supply of dopamine, the brain is unable to properly send and receive messages.
- This disruption affects the body’s ability to coordinate movement which causes problems with walking and balance.

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Prognonis and treatment options for suffers of this disease

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Prognonis and treatment options for suffers of this disease

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There is no cure for Parkinson's however there are treatment options that lessen the symptoms.

Treatment options
- Deep brain stimulation
Regulates abnormal electrical signalling patterns in the brain.
DBS interrupts the atypical signalling patterns in a way that allows the cells to communicate more smoothly and lessens symptoms.
- Medication
Medication for motor symptoms are identified in this website. These medicines aim to lessen tremors, stiffness and slowness and walking and balance problems.
Medication for non-motor symptoms are identified in this website. These medicines lessen the affects of constipation, dementia, depression and anxiety ect.

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1. Motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease are believed to primarily result from:
a. depleted amounts of dopamine produced in the motor cortex.

b. loss of dopamine as it travels along motor pathways.
c. over-production of dopamine in the basal ganglia.
d. depleted amounts of dopamine produced in the

substantia nigra.

2. Parkinson's disease are best described as a _________ disorder:
a. central nervous system

b. somatic nervous system
c. cognitive
d. terminal

3. Males are more at risk of Parkinson's disease:
a. True
b. False

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- Mood disorders, for example depression or anxiety
- Cognitive impairment which is the decline in ability to multi- task or concentrate.

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1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIEUEV9wlyI
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRLB7WqX0fU