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Clause# 13, 14 War; Military Establishment

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Clause# 13, 14 War; Military Establishment

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- Congress declares war, while the president wages war
- Led conflict without congressional declaration of war in Korea, Vietnam, and other places, provoking national argument over the meaning of these powers
- Control of funding the military provides another check on the executive branch

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-  Right of the states to maintain a militia, including what is now the National Guard, is always subordinate to the power of Congress
- Employed this power to enforce federal law during desegregation disputes during the 1950s

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- Power to tax and to spend the money raised by taxes, to provide for National defense and general welfare
- Supplemented by the 16th Amendment; permitted Congress to levy an income tax

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- Establish post offices and and post roads.
- Congress may also punish those who use the mails for unlawful purposes.

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-To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts.
- Copyright and patent protection of authors and inventors are authorized by this clause, although it uses neither word.

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- To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court.
- The Constitution provides only for a Supreme Court.

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- To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas.
- Every sovereign nation possesses these powers, and Congress has acted under this authority from the beginning.

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- To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal
- Make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;

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- Congress can borrow money through issuance of bonds
- When borrowed, the U.S. creates an obligation to repay debt

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- To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years.

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- regulation of business to outlawing of racial segregation
- main source of for congressional legislation dealing with Native American

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Clause #4: Naturalization & Bankruptcies Text

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Clause #4: Naturalization & Bankruptcies Text

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- only federal government, not the states, can determine who becomes a citizen
- Bankruptcy laws make provisions for individuals or corporations that fail to pay their debts

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Clause #18: Necessary and Proper Clause Text
- In states Congress has all the power
- ability to enact laws "necessary and proper" to carry out these powers
- Congress created Federal Reserve System to regulate the nation's monetary supply

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Clause# 17: District of Columbia; Federal Property Text

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Clause# 17: District of Columbia; Federal Property Text

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- Enables Congress to govern the District of Columbia
-  Congress has now delegated that power to a locally elected government, subject to federal oversight

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 Clause# 18:  Necessary and Proper ClauseText

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 Clause# 18:  Necessary and Proper ClauseText

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- Enlarges legislative power by enabling Congress to use any means it thinks reasonable to put these powers into action
- This clause also authorizes Congress to enact legislation necessary to carry out the powers of the other branches, for example to organize and reorganize the executive branch