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An organ system is a group of organs working together with a particular role.
E.g. Digestive(stomach, ileum), Circulatory(heart, aorta) & respiratory(trachea, lungs)

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Epithelial tissue forms a continuous layer, covering or lining the internal/external surface. Epithelia have no blood vessels, but can have nerve endings. The cell sits on a basement membrane(made of collagen & protein), they vary in shape & complicity. They often have a protective or secretory function.
Simple squamous - wall of alveoli, skin
Simple cuboidal - kidney, small intestine, surface of ovaries
Simple columnar - in bronchus transporting mucus, fallopian tubes transporting ova

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Skeletal - It's attached to bone & causes movement, it has bands of long cells(fibres in bundles. It is voluntary muscle. The fibres form a striped or striated pattern.
Smooth - Individual spindle shape cells that contract rhythmically, but less powerfully than skeletal. Occurs in walls of blood cells & in digestive and respiratory tracts. Involuntary muscle & don't have stripes, called unstriped or unstriated.
Cardiac - Only found in the heart, its structure & properties are in between the other two types. The cells have stripes but lack long fibres of skeletal muscle. They contract rhythmically(involuntary) but can modify their contractions. Cardiac muscles don't tire.

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On organ has several tissues working together performing a specific function.
E.g the eye has nervous, connective. muscle & epithelial and is the organ of sight.
Leaves contain epidermal, vascular & packing tissue, which is specialised for photosynthesis.

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Connects, supports & separates tissues and organs. It contains elastin & collage fibres in an extracellular fluid or matrix. Between fibres are fat-storing cells(adipocytes) & cells of the immune system.

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HIV is a lentivirus(subgroup of retrovirus). It infects a host cell by attacking & fusing with it. The viral RNA is converted into DNA, the virus uses the host cell's machines to replicate itself during a process called transcription.

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Made of a core of nucleic acid(DNA or RNA) & surrounded by a capsid(protein coat). Don't reproduce, tiny amount of genetic information, many viruses produce strains(variants).
Examples: Ebola, flu, avian flu(birds), cauliflower mosaic virus(plants)

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So small, can only be seen with an electron microscope. Not made of cells so called 'acellular'. Outside a living cell(host), a virus exists as a virion.

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Coccus/cocci - spherical
Bacillus/bacilli - rod
Spirochete - spiral

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All..
DNA lose in cytoplasm, murrain cell wall, 70S ribosomes, cytoplasm & cell membrane

Some..
slime coat, flagella, photosynthetic lamellae holding photosynthetic pigment, mesosome & plasmids.

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Nucleiod - controls activity, transcription & replication of DNA happen here
Plasmid - may contain genes enhancing the survival of a cell
Flagellum - increase reproduction raters, sense changes in environment, movement
Slime coat - protects from dehydration, helps attachment & nutrients
Mesosome - contains enzymes for respiration

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A single celled organism lacking membrane-bound organelles, such as a nucleus with its DNA free in the cytoplasm.
Oldest found over 3.5 billion years ago, literally means without a nucleus. An example would be E. coli - single cell(unicellular)

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As far back as 1883, the division of chloroplasts was seen to closely resemble that of free cyanobacteria. Mitochondria & chloroplasts have circular DNA & 70S ribosomes. Suggesting at least 1.5 x 10 ⁹ years ago, some ancient bacteria with fluid membranes engulfed others & maintained a symbiotic relationship. Some of the bacteria were good at turning glucose and oxygen into ATP, evolving into mitochondria & others were good at turning carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, evolving into chloroplasts.

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Each chloroplast is surrounded by 2 membranes, the storma contains some products of photosynthesis, they contain 70S ribosomes & circular DNA enabling them to self-replicate. In the storma is flattened sacs called thylakoids(a stack is. granum). Chlorophyll is found in the geranium.

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Connects cells via cytoplasm filled canals which pass through cell walls. Allows transport via the symplastic pathway.

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Consists largely of cellulose. The cells functions: transport - the gap between fibres makes it fully permeable for water & dissolved molecules & ions. The space which they move through is called the apoplast. Cell wall can become turgid when the vacuole is full & is strong because of microfibrils. Also for communication between cells, pits where cytoplasm can pass through(plasmodesmata).

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The membrane that surrounds the vacuole to protect & isolate it from harmful substances. Water flow in the vacuole is regulated by tonoplast.

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Most plant cells have a large, permanent vacuole which has a fluid-filled sac bounded by a single membrane, the tonoplast. Cell sap contains chemicals such as glucose, amino acids & minerals. Large role in supporting soft plant tissues.

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Proteins are modified & packaged in the Golgi body, at the other end the vesicles containing the proteins are pinched off. These may carry proteins in the cell or fuse with the cell membrane & secreting them by exocytosis. Functions- producing glycoproteins, forming lysosomes & transporting & storing lipids.

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They have ribosomes on the outer surface & transport the proteins made there. RER is present in large amounts in cells that make a lot of protein, cells making amylases in salivary glands

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Two rings of microtubules, making hollow cylinders positioned at 90 degree angles to one another. Together are called the centrosome. During cell division, centrioles organise microtubules to create the spindle.

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Small, temporary vacuoles surrounded by a membrane formed by being pinched off from the Golgi body. Contain & isolate potentially harmful digestive enzymes. They release enzymes when the need to recycle worn out organelles.

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Condenses before cell division to form chromosomes.

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Separates the content of the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

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Smaller in prokaryotes(70S) than eukaryotes(80S). They have 1 large & 1 small subunit. They are important in protein synthesis, they are the site of translation, where mRNA is used to assemble the polypeptide chain.

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Compromises membranes that lack ribosomes. It's associated with the synthesis & transport of lipids. Cells storing large quantities of carbs, proteins & fats, liver cells have ER.

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Produces rRNA, tRNA & ribosomes.

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Function of mitochondria is to produce ATP in aerobic respiration. The cristae provides large surface area for the attachment of enzymes in respiration. Small DNA enabling them to self-replicate. Organic matrix containing lipids & proteins.

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Allows the transport of mRNA & ribosomes out of the nucleus.

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Nucleus contains DNA which, with protein, compromises chromosomes. The granular material within it is the nucleoplasm where chromatin is. DNA is also provides a template for DNA replication. Within the nucleus is the nucleolus.

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An organism containing cells that have membrane-bound organelles, with DNA in chromosomes within the nucleus.