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Come up with possible reasons for the decision to reintroduce grey wolves into the National Park. Select the reason you find most likely.

Answer

The wolves were brought in because the increased elk population was overgrazing the deciduous, woody species such as aspen and cottonwood.

Πρόσθεσε σχόλιο

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Impact of cone pests on the potential of natural regeneration of the meditarranean conifers

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Impact of cone pests on the potential of natural regeneration of the meditarranean conifers

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Data for the following  has been prepared by retrieving references from the CAB database for the period 1972-2001, for each main host plant and insect pest. (ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN MEDITERRANEAN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS)

Figure 9 presents the decrease in cone and seed numbers for cypress stands located throughout the Mediterranean, and the relative impact of abiotic factors, mites, insects and fungi. Figure 10 presents In both cases less than 8% of the potential number of seeds survived until dispersal, thus largely hindering the natural regeneration process. However, the main factors causing seed mortality in Crete where mites and in Italy pathogens. The research is quite old, so things may have changed since then...
https://books.google.gr/books?id=Es4iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70&lpg=PA70&dq=abiotic+characteristics+Crete&source=bl&ots=FxhND51XxC&sig=ACfU3U0FroAQcqQupqG-U5covWdPFWbGDw&hl=el&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7tMfe4pPgAhVPJlAKHdyOBP8Q6AEwBnoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false

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Connection between biotic and abiotic characteristics in my area (Crete)

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Connection between biotic and abiotic characteristics in my area (Crete)

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Abiotic factors and their influence on the surface activity of Mesobuthus gibbosus (Brullé, 1832) (Arachnida: Scorpiones) in eastern Crete, Greece.

Mesobuthus gibbosus (Fam. Buthidae) is a nocturnal thermophilous and xerophilous scorpion, distributed throughout the Southeastern Mediterranean region. Its maximal surface activity and reproductive period have been observed during summer. There are few detailed ecological studies, but none for Greek taxa. In the present study we examined the influence of air and soil temperature, relative humidity and wind speed on the nocturnal surface activity of the species in a phryganic ecosystem (northeastern Crete) during July and August 2001. In total, 157 individuals were captured and released, 103 male, 22 female and 32 immature. The abiotic factors were measured every night, from 21:00 to 05:00 hour, every two hours. The highest activity occurred between 24-26.5°C, with an optimum at 25°C (air temperature), 65-80% air relative humidity at surface, with an optimum at 70%,2.5-4 rn/sec (wind speed at surface) and 26-30°C, with an optimum at 28.3°C (soil temperature in 5 cm depth). Males, females and immatures responded differently to the four abiotic factors. No correlation was found among these factors, but air temperature seems to influence more. The optimal values showed that M.gibbosus, though a xerophilous species, shows preference to very high values of air humidity, whereas the optimal values of air and soil temperature justify the characterization as thermophilous. The above results showed that M.gibbosus activity is similar to that of the desert scorpions. Further studies might show that this scorpion's activity could be used as an ecological index for climatic changes.

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the Gypaetus barbatus (a unique subspecies which exist only on Crete)

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Birds are of great interest too. The magnificant Aquila chrysaetus, , swallows, warblers and many others. Some of them are always here and others use the island as a rest point when moving from Africa to Europe and back every Spring and Autumn.
(On the photo you can see the Aquila chrysaetus)

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Caretta-caretta, the under extinction sea turtle, is visiting the island every summer to lay her eggs on the sandy beaches.

Human impacts
The nesting beaches of Crete are subjected to strong pressure, primarily due to their increased use for tourism and recreation. Beach umbrellas, sunbeds, artificial lights, and vehicle use on the beach (people like for some reason to drive motorcycles and cars on the beach) are only some of the problems that sea turtles face.
http://grecorama.com/en/protection-of-nesting-activity-in-crete/

Also, one of the main issues in the area, which my beach cleaning team fellows found out are the changing of the sand and stone places by heavy machines, which are destroying the turtles nests, since this distruction occurs in their laying- egg period.

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On the Cretan main roads you find often the Melesmeles-arcalus, undfortunately never alive...They get hit by the passing cars. The same happens often to hedgehogs. On the mountains you see rabbits.

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This is the extremely rare Felis silvestris agrius. It looks like a cat but is wild and bigger.

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This is the martes foina bunites.

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The biodiversity of animals is magor too: The Cretan wild goat (Capra aegagrus-cretica) is protected. It lives in the Samaria gorge and on the islands Zeus, Ag. Pantes and Thodoros.

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The biodiversity of animals is magor too: The Cretan wild goat (Capra aegagrus-cretica) is protected. It lives in the Samaria gorge and on the islands Zeus, Ag. Pantes and Thodoros. Other animals with interest are the Martes foina-bunites, the extremely rare Felis silvestris agrius, the Melesmeles-arcalus, rabbits and hedgehogs. Caretta-caretta, the under extinction sea turtle, is visiting the island every summer to lay her eggs.Birds are of great interest too. The magnificant Aquila chrysaetus, the Gypaetus barbatus (a unique subspecies which exist only on Crete), swallows, warblers and many others. Some of them are always here and others use the island as a rest point when moving from Africa to Europe and back every Spring and Autumn.

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The biodiversity of animals is magor too: The Cretan wild goat (Capra aegagrus-cretica) is protected. It lives in the Samaria gorge and on the islands Zeus, Ag. Pantes and Thodoros. Other animals with interest are the Martes foina-bunites, the extremely rare Felis silvestris agrius, the Melesmeles-arcalus, rabbits and hedgehogs. Caretta-caretta, the under extinction sea turtle, is visiting the island every summer to lay her eggs.Birds are of great interest too. The magnificant Aquila chrysaetus, the Gypaetus barbatus (a unique subspecies which exist only on Crete), swallows, warblers and many others. Some of them are always here and others use the island as a rest point when moving from Africa to Europe and back every Spring and Autumn.

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In Greece you can see every summer oleanders everywhere. It doesn't need much water, so it's suitable for the dry climate.

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Platanus Orientalis

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Crete (where I live) has  130 different wild flower and herb species which are unique. For example Origanum dictamnus and Platanus orientalis, var. Cretica. In Crete you can find 17 endemic plants. Spring is the most colorful moment for flora. In summer it's very dry, but you can see many plants blossom, like oleander...

In wintertime you see the wintflowers.

(The picture below shows Origanum Dictamnus. The rest of the species are being showed in my next posts, since I couldn't put more than one foto on every post.)

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on the beaches after a huge storm. Unfortunatelly people are throwing everything in rivers. When there is realy bad weather it floats into the sea and then some of it comes out. Most of it plastic, but sometimes even dead animals.

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the sea had lost a few of its inhabitants... unfortunatelly this giant squid like the others I found was already dead, confused by the storm and the tones of human plastic rubish...

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the sea lost some fish and other marine life...