# data[].attributes.body
This source from Biology Mad meets the remainder of criteria 1.1 by describing the structure of the sensory, connector and motor neuron. This description of the different neurones is particularly discussed in the table shown on this website which explains the length of the fibres of each neurone and where the neurones are located. This meets the criteria by describing the structure clearly through images and clear descriptions.

This source is of value because it allows criteria 1.1 to be met through a level 3 source. This source is of high quality because it provides a detailed explanation of the different neurones in an academic style that relates to the unit. The source was adapted for A-Level / Level 3 biology and any information submitted to the site is checked for accuracy as described in the information on the site. This makes the source accurate and trustworthy because it provides thorough and accurate descriptions at the right level.

Gilbert, J. (2004). The Human Nervous System. Available: http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nervoussystemintro.htm. Last accessed 25th Nov 2018.

# data[].attributes.body
This source partially meets criteria 1.1 by explaining the structure of the central nervous system. The source provides clear diagrams of the brain and spinal cord (p.110, p.118) which provides clear information on the function of each part of the brain and spinal cord by using a diagram that shows the structure of the brain and spinal cord and the function. For example, on the source that has been photocopied below, it states the function of the Cranium and clearly shows where the Cranium is located. This is important as it provides a clear insight into the structure which is key in meeting the criteria.

This source is of high quality and is reliable as it was written for educational purposes that are specific for the level 3 anatomy and physiology unit. This means the information provided is at the correct level and only includes information relevant to the nervous system unit. As well as this, the source references where the information for this book was adapted from. The sources used on this book were reliable and based on thorough research and statistics - such as the World Health Organisation and United Nations Environmental Programmes.

Shaw, L. (2005). Chapter 4: The Nervous and Endocrine Systems. In: Shaw, L. Access to HE: Anatomy & Physiology. Great Britain: Cengage Learning EMEA. p109-119.

# data[].attributes.headline
Sensory, Connector and Motor Neurones in the Reflex Arc

# data[].attributes.subject
Sensory, Connector and Motor Neurones in the Reflex Arc

# data[].attributes.body
The source from Socratic.org gives an overview of how sensory neurones and motor neurones contribute to the reflex arc - this is done by describing the knee jerk reflex and how touch receptors relay information through the sensor neurone.  This source meets criteria 1.2 by explaining the exact role of the neurones, however it does not give an explanation of the reflex arc therefore does not include all of the information. Along with this, the diagram provided on the page clearly shows the role of the sensory neurones.

This source is trustworthy as it is put into level 3 context and the website is made for educational purposes. However, references to sources for this information are not available and it is hard to tell who wrote this information and how reliable they are. The reason for trusting this source is down to the website being written in the correct level and being a website that is used primarily for Biology.

Brian, M. Kate, M. (2016). What are the functions of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons?. Available: https://socratic.org/questions/what-are-the-functions-of-sensory-neurons-interneurons-and-motor-neurons. Last accessed 25th Nov 2018.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What are the functions of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons? | Socratic

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Afferent "Sensory" Neuron carries impulses from sense organs to CNS, the Interneuron "Associative Neuron" make a decision based upon stimuli, and the Efferent "Motor" Neuron carries impulse from the CNS to the muscle or gland to respond. The three basic types of neurons are represented in the Reflex Arc above.

# data[].attributes.body
This video explains in further detail the structure of the neurones and how they contribute to the reflex arc which meets the criteria 1.2. This video meets the criteria by  explaining how an impulse travels along the sensory neurone and how the relay neurone sends signals to the muscle to allow for a reflex to occur. As well as this, there is an explanation of the reflex arc which allows for the information to be put in more context.

The source comes from Youtube and is trustworthy as the channel specialises in making educational biology and science videos with clear, high quality explanations of the topics. This also makes the source high quality, as the language used is professional and relates to science topics with minimal 'learning language'.

knowwhatuknow41. (2014). 2. Types of Neurons and the Reflex Arc.Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1E9Lm16cUs. Last accessed 25th Nov 2018.

# data[].attributes.body
This source from CliffsNotes meets criteria 1.3 by explaining in detail the transmission of an impulse along a neurone. The source begins by explaining that a nerve impulse occurs when there are electical changes across the membrane of a neurone. This source then goes on to explain polarization, resting potential, action potential and at what stage hyperpolerization and repolarization occurs in the membrane. This is important in meeting the criteria as it is the mechanism of the transmission.

This source is reliable and trustworthy as the website is a study guide written by teachers/professors. The language used in the source is also academic, meaning that it is high quality. However, the text does not reference its sources meaning that it is hard to tell where the information has come from and how reliable it is; although the CliffsNotes website is widely used and is trustworthy because of the content it provides.Therefore, overall the source is reliable and of high quality.

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. (2016). Transmission of Nerve Impulses.Available: https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-tissue/transmission-of-nerve-impulses. Last accessed 25th Nov 2018.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The transmission of a nerve impulse along a neuron from one end to the other occurs as a result of electrical changes across the membrane of the neuron. The mem

# data[].attributes.body
Pages 176-178 of this source partially meet criteria 2.1 by explaining the role of the autonomic nervous system. Page 178 in particular shows a table of how the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects of the autonomic nervous system stimulate and depress body systems, which gives a clear explanation of how the autonomic system works. The structure of the autonomic nervous system is also described which allows for further explanation and detail.

This source is reliable and trustworthy as it the content targets student nurses and health students. This means the content of the source is of high quality and is written academically, with relevant content to the unit. The diagrams provided by this source are also very detailed and relative to the body system that is being focused on.

Peate, I and Muralitharan, N. (2011). Chapter 6: The Nervous System. In: Peate, I and Muralitharan, N Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology For Student Nurses. London: Wiley-Blackwell. p176-179.

# data[].attributes.body
This source meets criteria 2.1 by producing a table to compare voluntary and reflex actions. The information written is clear, however it does not provide a description or explanation of voluntary and reflex actions.

This source is reliable because it is produced and written by a biology professor. This makes the source valid and trustworthy because the information comes from a valid source that provides the correct information. The layout of this source is a low standard as it appears outdated, however the quality and content is enough to meet the criteria and is still up to date.

Steane, R. (2006). Voluntary and Reflex Action. Available: https://www.biotopics.co.uk/newgcse/voluntaryReflex.html. Last accessed 25th Nov 2018

# data[].attributes.body
This source provides further comparison and explanation into voluntary and reflex actions, therefore meets criteria 2.1 further. This is shown in the information provided about examples of reflex and voluntary actions, as well as the table provided.

This source is of high quality and is reliable as it has been written for biology purposes, it is written in level 3 language which makes the source higher in quality.

Pass Now. (2015). Biology - Reflex and Voluntary Actions. Available: https://passnownow.com/classwork-series-exercises-biology-ss3-reflex-voluntary-actions/. Last accessed 25th Nov 2018.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Definition: A reflex action is an involuntary or automatic action in response to impulses initiated by a stimulus. A reflex is something that your body does natural. In other words, reflex action is a rapid or quick response to stimuli which are not consciously controlled by the brain. It is fast, inborn (instinctive) and stereo-typed. A given stimulus always produces the same response.
Characteristics of Reflex Action

1. Reflex action is a response without prior thought or planning.

2. It is not under the control of the control of the will or it is automatic.

3. It is a quick response.

4. It is entirely in stereotyped in nature.

5. It involves minimum member of nerves cells.

6. It terminates at the spinal cord.

Examples of Reflex Actions
Definition: Voluntary actions are responses to stimuli that are consciously controlled or co-ordinated by the brain. In other words, voluntary actions are actions taken deliberately, involving the exercise of the will or brain.

1. It involves prolonged response.

2. Its response is controlled by the brain.

3. Its response to a particular stimulus may vary.

4. It involves many nerves cells.

Example of Voluntary Actions
Reflex reactions in humans are controlled by the reflex arc. When the safety of an organism demands a very quick response, the signals may be passed directly from a sensory neuron, via a relay neurone, to a motor neurone for instant, unthinking action. This is a reflex action.

A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls an action's reflex, i.e. it is the nerve pathway which makes such a fast, automatic response possible. It does not matter how brainy you are - you will always pull your hand away from a flame without thinking about it. It is an in-built, or innate, behaviour, and we all behave in the same way.

A reflex arc consists of the following parts:

1. Sensory cells: These cells receive the stimulus.

2. Sensory or afferent neurone: This conducts or transmits nerve impulses from the sensory cells to the spinal cord or brain.

3. Intermediate neurone: This conducts nerve impulses from the afferent to the efferent neurone.

4. Motor or efferent neurone: This conducts or transmits impulses from the intermediate neurone to the effector.

5. Effector (muscle or gland): This takes action.

Conditioned reflex is a learned response or behaviour after birth. Once they are acquired, they can be performed without thinking about them. Most of our behaviours are conditioned reflexes. Examples are walking, driving, reading, writing, swimming etc. It takes a fairly long time to learn each of these skills. But once they have been mastered, they are performed very fast and efficiently without the individual thinking about them. They become habits.

Behaviour conditioning was first described by a Russian scientist, Ivan Pavlov in 1902 from his experiments on dogs. Naturally, a dog's mouth becomes wet when it is given food due to reflex action. In one experiment, Pavlov rang a bell just before giving the dog its food. After repeating this several times the dog learnt to associate the bell with food. Hence, it salivated as soon as it heard the bell, i.e., before the food appeared. Pavlov called this response a conditioned reflex.
Role of Conditioned Reflex on Behaviour

1. It helps individuals to acquire new skill through the learning of such habits.

2. It helps to develop certain behaviour which are not originally shown in the individual.

3. Unhealthy behaviour like smoking, drinking and drug taking may become bad habits when acquired through conditioned reflex and may be difficult to stop.

4. The principle is used in the training of dogs for their special role in crime detection and for security.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
differences between reflex and voluntary actions

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
differences between reflex action and conditioned reflex

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
role of conditioned reflex arc on behaviour

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Definition: A reflex action is an involuntary or automatic action in response to impulses initiated by a stimulus. A reflex is something that your body does natural. In other words, reflex action is a rapid or quick response to stimuli which are not consciously controlled by the brain.