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Slavery instituted in Jamestown, Virginia

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Slavery instituted in Jamestown, Virginia

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On 20 August 1619, 20 Angolans kidnapped by Portuguese forces landed at Point Comfort on the White Lion privateer ship. They had originally been transported on the Saint John Bautista but the ship had been attacked and 60 slaves were taken by the White Lion and the Treasurer–another privateer ship. Some of the Angolans would be freed but the rest were kept as indentured servants.

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On 1 January 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation–an executive order by Abraham Lincoln–was issued. This legislation declared all slaves in the Confederacy to be free. Of the 4 million people who were enslaved at the time in the US, 3.5 million were freed when Lincoln signed this five page long bill. However the Confederacy did not acknowledge the president's jurisdiction over the Southern states and the slaves were kept captive. Any slaves in pieces of land that the Union captured were emancipated. The bill angered the Confederates and was massively unpopular in the South.

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On 15 April 1865, Lincoln bled to death after being shot by actor John Wilkes Booth. John Wilkes Booth had formed a plot with multiple co-conspirators to assassinate President Lincoln, then Vice President Andrew Johnson, and Secretary of State William Seward. He had previously planned to kidnap Lincoln but this plan was aborted when his intelligence proved faulty. John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln as he sat in the president's box of Ford's theatre while he was viewing Our American Cousin. Booth—being a successful actor—was familiar with the play and timed the shot so that it would coincide with a humorous moment in the play. The laughter drowned out the noise of the shot. He escaped by jumping out of the booth and running out of the theatre. He was arrested twelve days later and subsequently tried and hanged for conspiracy and murder. Initially it was believed that he had worked with the Confederates, but he was actually acting independently of any government and was condemned by the Confederates.

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On 6 December 1865, the 13th amendment was ratified. In merely two sentences, slavery was wholly banned in the US–except in the  cases where a jury ruled that a prisoner should be forced into servitude. President Lincoln was assassinated prior to him approving the amendment so it was  approved by President Johnson rather than Lincoln who proposed it originally. The passage of the 13th amendment voided the three-fifths compromise and all citizens of the United States were counted as full humans afterwards. Because peonage due to criminality was still allowed, some business owners entrapped black people in debts so that they could still get slaves.

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The most well known Black Codes were published in 1865 & 1866. Black Codes were laws that discriminated against free Blacks. Many states—in both the North and South—had Black Codes prior to the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th amendment but free Blacks became more common after the passage of these bills. This led to an increase in Black Codes especially in the South. Black Codes were primarily a patchwork of local laws that prohibited Black people from having the same basic rights as Whites. Common Black Codes included prohibiting interracial marriage, prohibiting congregations of Blacks, making it easier for Blacks to go into debt, prohibiting Blacks from owning houses and land, and prohibiting Blacks from owning weapons.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1866 mandated that no individual should be discriminated against on the basis of race or colour when applying for citizenship. President Johnson vetoed the Act but a two-thirds majority in the Congress and Senate allowed it to be passed regardless. There was a penalty of $1,000 imposed for discriminating because of race. However there was no fines for discriminating when employing people or when selling property. So for nearly a hundred years there was no retribution against this type of discrimination. It also guaranteed all people the rights to sue, testify in court, and purchase personal property.

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On 18 July 1868, the 14th Amendment became law. It said that all people deserved the right to fair process in court, all people born in the US are citizens, no laws can be passed to prohibit citizenship for certain people, and that the laws should apply to all equally. This amendment also helped prevent states claiming that they were separate form the government and could still pass discriminatory state laws about citizenship. Blacks were still not guaranteed rights related to voting and the bill was criticized by the more radical members of the government for that.

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The 15th Amendment was ratified on 3 February 1870. It stated that all citizens should be given the right to vote regardless "of race, color, or previous condition of servitude". Thomas Mundy Peterson is the first black person known to have voted subsequently to the bills passing. Despite this, literacy tests and grandfather clauses were still allowed. This effectively prevented Blacks from voting in many of the Southern states. It was still hailed as landmark legislation since it gave many Blacks the right to vote and would later lead to Blacks getting positions in the house and senate.

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Jim Crow Laws were a variety of laws that supported segregation in the South. Despite being justified as "Separate, but equal" blacks were still treated as inferior. Well known Jim Crow Laws include discrimination in bus seating, segregated drinking fountains, segregated bathrooms and grandfather clauses. Jim Crow laws were named after racist stereotypes of coloured people that the actor Thoms Rice was known for playing. Jim Crow Laws also existed in the North to a lesser extent.

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In May 1896, the Supreme Court decided that Jim Crow Laws were not a violation of the constitution and later amendments. Homer Plessy—who was one-eigth black—tried to sit in a White railroad car. He was arrested on account of violating the Separate Car Act—which required separate carriage for different colours. Plessy challenged the law and the case was appealed until it reached the Supreme Court. In a 7 to 1 decision the SCOTUS ruled that the races were "separate but equal" and it would violate divine mandate to mix races. Justice Harlan was the only judge who ruled in Plessy's favour and would later oppose the Grandfather Clauses.

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On May 31 and June 1 1921 a riot erupted that led to violence against the Black inhabitants of Tulsa. Tulsa had previously been an economic hotspot for African Americans. A black teenager was accused of assaulting a white teenager. A riot erupted because of this and approximately 300 died in addition to over $30 million of property damage.

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The Scottsboro Boys were 9 black teenagers who were accused of raping two white women in 1931. All 9 were sentenced to death. One of the accusers admitted that the boys were innocent but they were still found guilty. Most of the sentences were commuted to imprisonments rather than the death penalty. It was ruled that African Americans must be included on the jury and that one should be tried by peers.

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Executive Order 9981 abolished segregation due to race in the US military on 26 July 1948. It was issued by President Truman. During the Korean War the armed forces were integrated and blacks were allowed to work with whites.

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In an unanimous decision in May 1954, the SCOTUS ruled that separate but equal was wrong and that segregation should not be enforced in schooling. This led to the integration of schools throughout the country. Most Southern states resisted the ruling and attempted to create state laws to prohibit the mixing of races. Despite the ruling, the prevailing opinion in the South was that segregation was justified and that blacks were inferior. The Little Rock 9 are known for integrating a school in Little Rock, Arkansas.

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On 1 December 1955, Rosa Parks took a bus in Montgomery. She sat in the front of the coloured section. The white section was full so the blacks in Parks' row were ordered to move back one row. Rosa Parks refused to move back one row and instead moved to the window seat. She was arrested for this. Her arrest inspired the Montgomery bus boycott.

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In 1960, the Greensboro four—a group of four students—nonviolently protested segregation in seating. They would sit at the white only seats at the Woolworth store and refuse to leave. This led to many stores being desegregated.

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On 16 April 1963 MLK Jr. wrote the Letter from Birmingham Jail. He said that people should violate unjust laws instead of waiting passively for justice. He had previously been arrested for organizing a protest in Birmingham. He wrote the letter in response to the letter A Call for Unity which was written by clergy men and said it was better to challenge laws in the courts than to protest. It was originally published in a newspaper called Liberation and was reprinted in many newspapers numerous times.

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On 28 August 1963 MLK Jr. gave the "I Have a Dream" speech. One of the most famous speeches of all time, he began by saying that black people were not yet free. He said that he dreamed of a day where his children could live in a world free of discrimination and full of equality

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In 1965, three separate marches were held on the highway between Selma and Montgomery. They were held to protest against the lack of voting rights for blacks. An activist named James Reeb was beaten to death and this incited further outcry and protests. The marches led to LBJ passing the Voting Rights Act.

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After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed Jim Crow laws were effectively abolished. This led to a desegregated America and gave African Americans the unrestricted right to vote. Jim Crow Laws did not end simultaneously but rather came down piece by piece as protests causes unfair laws to be repealed and just bills to be passed.

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On 12 June 1967 the SCOTUS unanimously ruled for interracial marriages to be legalized. Mildred Loving was a coloured woman of unknown race and her spouse, Richard Loving, was white. In Virginia interracial marriages were condemned by the state and both were sentenced to jail. They sued against this and won. The repercussions of this case were a legalization of interracial marriages and rulings preventing states from making anti-mixed-race laws.

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Titles eight and nine of the Civil Rights act of 1968 are commonly referred to as the Fair Housing Act. This act prevented discrimination in housing based on race, religion and disability. It criminalized discriminating when renting, selling or buying housing. It also made it illegal to hurt or threaten someone due to race, colour, religion, or handicap.