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Cigarette smoke contains chemical mutagens

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What are chemical mutagens? They are the mutagens that chemically change the structure of DNA, by entering the nucleus of a cell and causing mutations by reacting chemically with the DNA in the nucleus. Nitrates, gasoline/cigarette fumes, Benzoyl Peroxide and many other things can cause chemical reactions with your DNA, encouraging mutations. This is how something like smoking can lead to cancers.

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What are physical mutagens? They are the mutagens that physically change the structure of DNA, which can cause mutations. X-rays, ultra violet, and other high energy radiation are the most damaging, as they physically tear through DNA. This leads to point mutations, or loss of large segments of chromosomes.

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A diagram of the deletion of a single nucleotide

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The deletion of a single nucleotide in a gene is a mutation that results in the changing of all the following codons/likely amino acids in the sequence, as all other nucleotides shift forwards one.

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A diagram of the insertion of a single nucleotide

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The insertion of a single nucleotide in a gene is a mutation that results in the changing of all the following codons/likely amino acids in the sequence, as all other nucleotides shift backwards one.

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A diagram of the substitution of a single nucleotide pair

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The substitution of a single nucleotide pair in a gene is a mutation that likely results in the changing of an amino acid in the sequence.

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Seems confusing upon first glance, but it's simple!

Start with the BLACK POST titled MUTATIONS. This is the general concept of the entire mind map, or the "centre" of the mind map.

The RED POSTS are the three subdomains,

ORANGE POSTS are types that fit the subdomains they are attached to the side of,

BLUE POSTS are types of types of subcategories (like Point mutations types), and are further right (you may need to scroll right to actually see them)

Hopefully that will help you navigate through this somewhat crowded padlet.

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What is a point mutation? It is a mutation of a single nucleotide in a sequence. There are THREE types of point mutations, including the substitution, insertion and deletion of a single nucleotide in a gene.

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What is a nonsense mutation? This mutation is similar to a missense mutation; this mutation involved the change in a nucleotide that changes the original codon into a STOP codon, cutting the sequence short. For example, the codon GAA can be changed to TAA due to a mutation, but because TAA codes for a STOP codon, the protein chain is cut short.

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What is a missense mutation? This mutation is like the opposite of a silent mutation; This mutation involves the change in a nucleotide that DOES change the protein made by the amino acid sequence. For example, the codon GAA can be changed to GAC due to a mutation, but because GAA and GAC code for different proteins, the protein made changes.

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What is a silent mutation? This mutation involves the change in a nucleotide that doesn't actually change the protein made by the amino acid sequence. Since multiple codons can code for the same protein, this is possible. For example, the codon GAA can be changed to GAG due to a mutation, but because both code for glutamic acid, it's a silent mutation.

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What is a frameshift mutation? This mutation involved the inserting or deleting of one or more nucleotide (not divisible by three) to change the “reading frame" of a sequence of nucleotides. This causes the proteins to be completely different from before, since codons are read differently after a frameshift mutation. Example, a sequence originally read (ABC DEF GHI ABC...) can be turned into (ABD EFG HIA BC...) after a frameshift caused by a deletion of the first C. The same original sequence can be read as (AAB CDE FGH IAB C...) after a frameshift caused by an insertion of another A.

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What is duplication in chromosome mutation? It is the duplication of a segment of the chromosome in a sequence. For example, instead of a sequence like (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8), a sequence after a duplication mutation could end up like (1 2 3 4 5 3 4 5 6 7 8), with the (3 4 5) segment being present twice after duplication.

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A diagram of two different nondisjunction mutations

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What is nondisjunction in chromosome mutation? Unlike the previous four types of chromosome mutation, multiple chromosomes are are involved in this mutation. Nondisjunction is the mutation in which chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis, the process of forming sperm/egg cells. Because of this failure, each gamete produced will have too many or too few chromosomes to be functional.

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What is translocation in chromosome mutation? Unlike the previous three types of chromosome mutation, two chromosomes are involved in this mutation. These two chromosomes can't be homologous, meaning they cannot share the same structural features and the same genes in the same positions. Translocation is the transferring of part of a chromosome from one to another, resulting in a switching of segments between the two chromosomes. For example, with the sequences (1 2 3 4 5) and (A B C D E), a translocation mutation can lead to a result like (1 2 3 D E) and (A B C 4 5), the (D E) and (4 5) segments being swapped between sequences.

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What is inversion in chromosome mutations? It is another breakage of a chromosome segment, but the segment reattaches flipped the other way. For example, instead of a sequence like (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8), a sequence after an inversion mutation could end up like (1 2 5 4 3 6 7 8), with the (3 4 5) segment being flipped and turned into (5 4 3) after inversion.

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What is deletion in chromosome mutation? It is the breakage of a sequence, leading to a segment of the chromosome being lost. For example, instead of a sequence like (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8), a sequence after a deletion mutation could end up like (1 2 6 7 8), with the (3 4 5) segment being broken off and discarded.

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What exactly are mutagens? Mutagens are physical or chemical aspects that permanently changes, or mutates, DNA in an organism. Basically they are causes of mutations.

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What is a single-gene mutation? They are the changes in nucleotide sequences of a gene, thus affecting a single base pair. These kinds of mutations may only involve a single nucleotide in some cases. There are a few possible causes of these kinds of mutations, such as copying errors, chemicals, viruses, and other possibilities. There are a total of FIVE types, with the fifth type POINT mutations having THREE variants.

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What is a chromosomal mutation? It involves the permanent changing of the structure of a chromosome, and can affect areas from just a small segment of a chromosome to many genes. These often affect gametes, sex cells and offspring. There are a total of FIVE types.

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Mutations, what are they? Simply put, they are changes that occur in the nucleotide sequences in DNA. They can occur in both somatic cells (meaning the mutation won't be passed to offspring) and gametes (meaning the mutation will be passed to offspring) Despite the initial thought, mutations actually occur regularly, and are neutral. They are caused by chemicals and UV radiation, but they can be repaired by enzymes. They can lead to positive and negative results, like causing some cancers (negative) and improving a species' ability to survive through evolution (positive)