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Region: All temperate and tropical oceans

Diet: Fish, squid, swordfish and sometimes seabirds, sea turtles and other sharks

Reproductive Patterns: 3 year reproductive cycles

Migration: In the summer, they migrate northward towards Cape Cod and in the winter, they migrate southward towards the Gulf of Mexico

Fun Fact: Shortfin makos are the fastest sharks in the world

How is climate change predicted to affect them: Shortfin makos are predicted to expand into new habitats as their prey continues to move northward as the oceans get warmer.

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Region; found in most temperate waters of the world raging from 180 meters to 1,370 meter

Diet:mall planktons small insects above the water , mosquito larvae, crustaceans, and small tiny worms

Reproductive Patterns:They leave their eggs on small plants above the water and the temp has to be right for the eggs to develop and hatch

Migration:Hatchetfish undertake nightly migrations en masse, from depths of 3,600 metres to the upper 50 to 100 metres of the starlit water column

Fun Fact:Hatchetfish can regulate the intensity and color of light from these organs to match the light filtering down

How is climate change predicted to affect them:Climate change could affect them because they the right temp for eggs to be laid and hatched and if waters get to hot or to cold they cant reroduce

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Pelagic thresher Profile ~ Nicole Somersel (*￣▽￣)b

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Pelagic thresher Profile ~ Nicole Somersel (*￣▽￣)b

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Pelagic thresher Profile

Region: It ranges from the indo-pacific, with scatter records  from south Africa, the red sea, and the Arabian sea, to china, southeastern japan, and more. It has been observed near coral reef drop offs or seamounts in the red sea.  It has also been known to enter large lagoons in the Tuamotu islands.

Diet: Little information is found on the diet of Pelagic threshers. It’s slender tail suggests that it has a diet of small Pelagic prey. Studies have shown that Pelagic threshers have a diet of barracudas, light fishes, and escolars, which are all inhabitants of the mesopelagic  zone. So little competition occurs between the Pelagic thresher and other large ocean piscivorous such as billfishes and tuna.

Reproductive Patterns: They mate by fertilization and give live birth to only 2 large pups. Though they give live birth, Pelagic threshers do not connect to their young through a placenta. Instead the mother provides the young with unfertilized eggs that they eat for nourishment.

Migration: These mysterious sharks have very little information about their migration patterns. Other species of thresher fish migrate between Oregon and Washington to the southern California area, so it is safe to assume that the Pelagic thresher might have the same pattern.

Fun Fact: They can grow up to 18 feet long, (Scary  Σ(°△°|||) )

How is climate change predicted to affect them: Pelagic threshers will have high exposure to climate change and be highly sensitive to it. Although it is still difficult to determine the effects of climate change on Pelagic threshers. We can conclude that there will be habitat shifting due to ocean temperatures changing.

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Region: Warm areas of the Atlantic, Pacific, or Indian Ocean.

Diet: Venomous creatures (hydrozoans) such as the Portuguese man o’ war and blue button jellyfish.

Reproductive Patterns: The blue glaucus is a nudibranch ( it can produce eggs and sperm), but they still need to find a mate. They simply float along the water until it finds another blue glaucus, and then they mate. After, both glaucus’ will lay their eggs on anything that floats, such as driftwood or even plastic.

Migration: They don't migrate, but have been moving northwards due to the change in temperature of the water.

Fun Fact: They are very tiny and can grow up to 3 cm, they store stinging cells from their prey in their bodies to use against predators, and a group of blue glaucus’ is called a blue fleet!

How is climate change predicted to affect them: Climate change may affect them through the disappearance of their main food sources, the Portuguese man o’ war. This creature may lose its food sources, which are small fish and crustaceans, to ocean acidification, which can greatly deplete the population, and in turn cause the blue glaucus’ population to deplete, and possibly go extinct.

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Frilled Shark Profile

Region: Frilled sharks are thought to have a wide though patchy distribution (74°N – 58°S, 169°W – 180°E) in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Diet: Some common prey includes octopus, squid, bony fish, and smaller sharks.

Reproductive Patterns: It has no distinct breeding season, the gestation period of the frilled shark can be up to 3.5 years long, to produce a litter of 2–15 shark pups.

Migration: Frilled sharks follow their prey upwards to hunt at night, and move back to the depths during the day, this is called vertical migration.

Fun Fact: Female frilled sharks are bigger than the male frilled sharks.

How is climate change predicted to affect them:  The increase in temperature over the last few years has negatively affected the habitat of sharks and endangers their lives.

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Marine Otter Profile:

Region: The sea otter is the largest member of the weasel family and the smallest marine mammal. Ninety percent of the world's sea otters live in coastal Alaska.

Diet: Sea urchins, snails, clams, abalone, mussels, crabs, scallops, fish, barnacles, octopus, worms, and squid

Reproductive Patterns: Sea otters breed once every 1 or 2 years. Sea otters breed year round.

Migration: live in lakes or reservoirs in the summer, swim up feeder streams where the water stays open for winter.

Fun Fact: They are the smallest marine mammals

How is climate change predicted to affect them: If sea otter populations decline, sea urchin and other prey species populations increase and graze on more of the kelp forest

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Atlantic blue marlin Profile:

Region: In the Atlantic all the way from Canada to Brazil, and in tropical waters throughout the entire world.

Diet: Epipelagic fish like Mackerel, Tuna, and Dolphinfish.

Reproductive Patterns: Most Atlantic blue marlin are born near Cuba between May and November, and hatch within a week, but other than that their breeding history is not well known.

Migration: Atlantic blue marlin tend to remain in warmer waters.

Fun Fact: Atlantic blue marlin larvae have eyes and fins, but do not develop bills until they are older.

How is climate change predicted to affect them: Climate change creates “dead zones” in the ocean, or areas with low oxygen. Atlantic blue marlin need lots of oxygen to survive, because they need a lot of energy, so a decrease in oxygen in these dead zones results in their death.

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Region: Temperate and tropical regions of the Atlantic Ocean

Diet: Mackerel, tuna and squid

Reproductive Patterns: Atlantic blue marlins reproduce in the summer and late fall through external fertilization and release millions of eggs

Migration: Atlantic blue marlins migrate around all the tropical region oceans following their prey

Fun Fact: Is one of the world’s most popular game fish (meaning people catch them for sport then release them)

How is climate change predicted to affect them: The Atlantic blue marlin will be majorly affected by climate change because as climate change progresses, there will be less dissolved oxygen in the ocean. This is bad for marlins because marlins, swordfish and tuna are some fish that use a lot of energy and need a lot of oxygen to maintain it.

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Region: Live predominantly in the Pacific and Indian Ocean near the equator

Diet:  They are herbivorous. They eat seagrass

Reproductive Patterns: Dugongs have a 13-15 month gestation period and they give birth to one calf.

Migration: they have no distinct breeding migration patterns. Those in northern latitudes will migrate to warmer waters

Fun Fact: they share a common ancestry with elephants and are cousins of manatees

How is climate change predicted to affect them: Since their main food source is sea grass any effect on the temperature and pollution of the water affects their reproduction rates. In the last 30 years it estimated that the the dugong population has declined by 90%.

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Region: Atlantic spotted dolphins are found in warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical waters throughout the Atlantic Ocean. Their range includes the waters of the U.S. East Coast (Gulf of Mexico to Massachusetts), the Bahamas, Brazil, the Azores and Canary Islands, and Gabon. Warm currents such as the Gulf Stream may affect their distribution.
Diet: These dolphins eat small fish, invertebrates, and cephalopods, such as squid and octopi. Individuals sometimes use their beaks to dig into the sand on the ocean bottom to catch hidden fish.
Reproductive Patterns: The estimated lifespan of Atlantic spotted dolphins is unknown. They reach sexual maturity when they are 8 to 15 years old. Females give birth to a single calf every 1 to 5 years. Mothers nurse their calves for 1 to 5 years.
Migration:  Some of them that live along the Gulf of Mexico do migrate annually.  The Gulf of Mexico population moves inshore during late spring, approaching close to shore during summer. Others tend to move long distances each day but not out of a need to follow a migration pattern.
Fun Fact: Calves are born dark gray above and white below, without spots. When they get older, roughly around weaning age, they start to develop spots on their body
How is climate change predicted to affect them: It is affecting the timing and ranges of their migration, their distribution and even their ability to reproduce, dolphin populations may not have time to adapt.

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Profile: Bull Shark

Region: Mostly live in freshwater, ranging from caribbeans to parts of Oceania.

Diet: Crustaceans, various species of fish, and members of its own species.

Reproductive Patterns: Mate during the summer and autumn seasons, usually in freshwater.

Migration: Bull sharks do not migrate as they are territorial creatures, they would often stay in the same ecosystem unless there are outside forces causing them to migrate to other regions of freshwater bodies.

Fun Fact: Bull sharks are one of three species of shark that will be hostile to humans.

How is climate change predicted to affect them: Bull sharks thrive in warmer waters, so if climate change causes global temperatures to rise so does the oceans, they will have more space to explore.

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Bigeye Tuna Profile
Region: Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean
Diet: fish, crustaceans, and squid
Reproductive Patterns: Females can spawn almost daily, releasing millions of eggs.
Migration: Annual migration influenced by water temperature specifically near the surface.
Fun Fact: Bigeye tuna spawn throughout the year but most often in the summer.
How is climate change predicted to affect them: Bigeye tuna will be redistributed which will decline the economy in some Pacific Islands.

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Profile: Whale shark

Region: typical and warm temperature ocean worldwide

Diet: small shrimp, fish, and plankton

Reproductive Patterns: They give birth to about 300 baby sharks

Migration: They migrate to neighboring countries, which is thousands of kilometers away

Fun Fact: They aren't whales they are just huge fish

How is climate change predicted to affect them: As the water warms, it aﬀects species distribution, including larvae and plankton that whale sharks eats. Animals across the food chain will face the threat of shifting food cycles and movements. Although hard to predict precisely, the impact to whale sharks is likely to be signiﬁcant.

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Moon Jelly Profile
Region:
Diet: They eat tiny zooplankton, mollusk larvae, crustaceans, and small fishes. Reproductive Patterns: Moon jellyfish breed all year round. They reproduce through a process called external fertilization. Where females release eggs and males release sperm into the water. They will meet together and eventually fertilize into something called a planula polyp, where they will bud and emerge from it.
Migration: They only migrate for food purposes. They migrate in small groups to search for food. They invade their prey by using their stings and injecting their venom present in their tentacles.
Fun Fact: When a moon jelly has eaten, food items can be seen in the jelly's stomach, which is the flower shaped print on top of its bell.
How is climate change predicted to affect them: Since they live in populated parts of the ocean, they are in a bit of trouble because of climate change. They live in specific climates, one that ranges from 9°C to 17°C and has very low salt levels in the water. Meaning that they're somewhat vulnerable.

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Profile: Mackerel Region: Both temperate and tropical seas, mostly along the coast or offshore in the oceanic environment.Diet:fish larvae to zooplanktonReproductive Patterns: Females release 200 000 to 400 000 eggs in the water,and they will merge with sperm cells released by males.Migration: King mackerel spend summer in the northern Gulf, in waters near the mouth of the Mississippi. In fall, migrate south in two separate groups; one migrates south east \ along the Florida coast, the other group migrates south west along the Texas coast.Fun Fact: two dorsal fins, a large tail fin, and also a long pointed snout.How is climate change predicted to affect them:stocks have moved northward as sea temperatures rise. Picture: 

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Profile: Mackerel Region: Both temperate and tropical seas, mostly along the coast or offshore in the oceanic environment.Diet:fish larvae to zooplanktonReproductive Patterns: Females release 200 000 to 400 000 eggs in the water,and they will merge with sperm cells released by males.Migration: King mackerel spend summer in the northern Gulf, in waters near the mouth of the Mississippi. In fall, migrate south in two separate groups; one migrates south east \ along the Florida coast, the other group migrates south west along the Texas coast.Fun Fact: two dorsal fins, a large tail fin, and also a long pointed snout.How is climate change predicted to affect them:stocks have moved northward as sea temperatures rise. Picture: 

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Giant Spider Crab Profile

Region: They are mostly found on the southern coast of Honshu, Japan, however they have been seen in more northern regions of Japan and in Taiwan.

Diet: plants and algae as well as animals like mollusks

Reproductive Patterns: This type of crab will migrate to shallow water during the breeding months from January to April. The male species of Japanese Spider Crab inserts sperm into the female's abdomen using their first two claws. The female species of Japanese Spider Crab lays 10 million eggs.

Migration: giant spider crabs migrate to the shallows of Port Phillip Bay every year

Fun Fact: The eyes of the Japanese Spider crab are placed on the front and there is two little horns between them. These horns become shorter with age.

How is climate change predicted to affect them: the crabs' ability to withstand heat increased. But at the same time, researchers found, the crabs' metabolism decreased.