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2. Analyzing obesity in USA.
3. How to prevent obesity in adults and children’s.

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1. I researched obesity in low income communities.
2. One cause I found is availability of low cost of highly processed foods that affect health.

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doi: 10.5604/12321966.1120608.

Affiliations

¹ Department of Allergology and Environmental Hazards, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland.

² Department of Public Health,Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland.

³ Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University in Lublin, Poland.

⁴ Great Poland Center of Allergology and Aesthetic Dermatology "Art Clinic", Poznań, Poland.

Free article

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doi: 10.5604/12321966.1120608.

Affiliations

¹ Department of Allergology and Environmental Hazards, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland.

² Department of Public Health,Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland.

³ Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University in Lublin, Poland.

⁴ Great Poland Center of Allergology and Aesthetic Dermatology "Art Clinic", Poznań, Poland.

Abstract

Obesity is a civilization disease and the proportion of people suffering from it continues to grow, especially in the developed countries. Number of obese people in Europe has increased threefold over the last 20 years. The paradox of obesity and poverty relationship is observed especially in the developed and developing countries. In developing countries, along with economic development and income growth, the number of people with overweight and obesity is increasing. This paradox has a relationship with both the easy availability and low cost of highly processed foods containing 'empty calories' and no nutritional value. To date, this paradox has been described in the United States and the United Kingdom, although many European countries are also experiencing high percentages of obese people. Among the reasons for the growing obesity in the population of poor people are: higher unemployment, lower education level, and irregular meals. Another cause of obesity is low physical activity, which among the poor is associated with a lack of money for sports equipment. Due to the large rate of deaths caused by diseases directly linked to obesity, the governments of many countries implement prevention programmes of overweight and obesity. These programmes are based primarily on educating the public about a healthy lifestyle based on healthy eating, daily physical activity and avoiding alcohol and cigarettes.

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national center for biotechnology information

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Obesity and poverty paradox in developed countries - PubMed

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Obesity is a civilization disease and the proportion of people suffering from it continues to grow, especially in the developed countries. Number of obese people in Europe has increased threefold over the last 20 years. The paradox of obesity and poverty relationship is observed especially in the de ...

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Fernando Estrada French Obesity Statistics 

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Fernando Estrada French Obesity Statistics 

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1.  I'm analyzing obesity rates in France (the French)
2. One cause of rising obesity rates could be the ever growing amount of calories in the food they consume and the increased amount of product placement pushing audiences into consuming more than they should.
3. Included here is a link to French obesity statistics, with rates of obesity rising throughout the years.

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Other Countries | Further Reading

A. ADULTS

1. Obesity rates in France are among the lowest in the OECD, but have been increasing steadily.
About 1 in 10 people is obese in France, and almost 40% are overweight (including obese). OECD projections indicate that overweight rates will increase by a further 10% within ten years.
Past and projected overweight rates
Underlying data and charts for all the graphics below are also available in Excel

2. Large socio-economic disparities in obesity exist, both in men and women. Women with poor education in France are almost 3 times more likely to be overweight than more educated women. Unlike in most OECD countries, significant disparities are present in men too, with poorly educated men 1.6 times more likely to be overweight than more educated ones.
Relative Index of Inequality in Overweight by Education level

B. CHILDREN

3. Obesity rates are relatively low among children too, and have not been growing over the past 20 years. The outlook for child obesity is less gloomy in France than in most other OECD countries. Although OECD projections do indicate a risk of an increase in the number of children who are overweight, child obesity rates are likely to remain below 10% over the next 10 years.
Past and projected rates of child obesity and overweight, age 3-17, in France
4. Children with obese parents are far more likely to be obese themselves. Children are about 3 times more likely to be obese if they have at least one obese parent.
Odds ratios of child obesity by parents' obesity status in France
5. Socio-economic disparities exist in children as wll as adults. Boys and girls in the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups are over twice as likely to be obese as children who are better off.
Socio-economic disparities in child obesity in France

Note: SES: Socio-economic status

Other Countries

Further Reading
The Economics of Prevention Key Health Publications Key Analytical Health Projects
Return to the main page www.oecd.org/health/fitnotfat

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Obesity and the Economics of Prevention: Fit not Fat - France Key Facts - OECD

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Obesity rates in France are among the lowest in the OECD, but have been increasing steadily. About 1 in 10 people is obese in France, and almost 40% are overweight (including obese). OECD projections indicate that overweight rates will increase by a further 10% within ten years.

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1. I'm looking at obesity in the United States (Americans).
2. One cause for obesity in the United States is fast food consumption.
3. Here's a link to the article "Why are Americans Obese?"

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Why are Americans Obese?

To understand the true size of the American obesity epidemic, we first need to understand what it really means to be overweight. Generally, doctors and nutritionists classify people as either underweight, healthy weight, overweight, or obese. These different classifications are determined by body mass index (BMI), or a measure of body fat based on your height and weight. To get a basic idea, this chart from the CDC approximates what that means for someone who is 5'9" tall.

As for what is driving America's chronic weight problem, there are no definite answers. Scientific studies often reach conflicting conclusions, meaning many theories are out there, but the preponderance of evidence points to the two causes most people already suspect: too much food and too little exercise.

Bigger Portions

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reports that the average American ate almost 20% more calories in the year 2000 than they did in 1983, thanks, in part, to a boom in meat consumption. Today, each American puts away an average of 195lbs of meat every year, compared to just 138lbs in the 1950's. Consumption of added fats also shot up by around two thirds over the same period, and grain consumption rose 45% since 1970.

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Research published by the World Health Organization found that a rise in fast food sales correlated to a rise in body mass index, and Americans are notorious for their fast-food consumption ― such food makes up about 11% of the average American diet. Another study demonstrates the full effect added sugars from soda and energy drinks are wreaking havoc on American waistlines. So it is not just how much we eat, but what we eat.

Confusing "Diet" for "Nutrition"

The role of diet in the U.S. obesity epidemic is obviously major, but it's also complex. Consumers are sent wildly mixed messages when it comes to what to eat and how much. One one hand, larger portions, processed packaged food, and drive-thru meals are branded as almost classically American - fast, cheap, filling and delicious. On the other hand, we spend over $20 billion annually on weight loss schemes, from diet books and pills all the way up to last-resort surgeries like lap-bands and liposuction. It's no wonder we're looking for fast food and fast weight loss options, we spend more time at work and less time in our homes and kitchens than our parents did. Sometimes you only have time to pack a leftover pizza slice and a slim-fast for lunch, irony be damned.

This schizophrenic relationship with food is easy to explain in terms of marketing schemes. As decades of soda and tv dinners caught up with our waistlines, the U.S. diet industry grew bigger, faster and smarter. Since the 1970s, popular nutrition wisdom and fad diets have flamed in and out just as quickly as the Arch Deluxe or the McRib. In the 1990s, our big enemy was fat. Low-fat and fat-free products flew off supermarket shelves. It took us decades to learn that when something is fat-free and full-flavored, it's probably too good to be true.

As it turns out, most food companies were just swapping hydrogenated oils and sugar in for the animal fats they removed from low-fat products. Hydrogenated oils are restructured vegetable oils that carry high levels of trans-fats, an amazingly evil type of fat that can raise your bad cholesterol, lower your good cholesterol and increase your risks of developing heart disease, stroke and diabetes. While somewhat less sinister, added sugar can also wreak major damage on a diet. Technically low in calories, high-quantities of sugar disrupts our metabolisms, causing surges in insulin and energy levels and ultimately contributing to weight gain and diabetes.

Inactivity is the New Normal

Lack of exercise is also a major culprit in the obesity epidemic. It's been decades since most Americans worked in fields and on factory floors, a far greater majority of us are sitting throughout our workday. This means less exercise each day. According to one study, only 20% of today's jobs require at least moderate physical activity, as opposed to 50% of jobs in 1960. Other research suggests Americans burn 120 to 140 fewer calories a day than they did 50 years ago. Add this to the higher amount of calories we are packing in, and we get a perfect recipe for weight gain.

But lethargy goes well beyond the workplace. It is also how we get to work and what we do after. Americans walk less than people in any other industrialized country, preferring to sit in cars to get around. And at the end of the day, 80% of Americans don't get enough exercise, according to the CDC.

A number of other factors are thought to play a role in the obesity epidemic, such as the in utero effects of smoking and excessive weight gain in pregnant mothers. Poor sleep, stress, and lower rates of breastfeeding are also thought to contribute to a child's long term obesity risk. Of course, these factors are not explicit or solitary causes of obesity, but they are reliable indicators of the kinds of systemic healthcare failures contributing to this crisis.

In the end, though, we can't lose sight of the big picture. Over the past years, diet fads have come and gone, with people rushing to blame red meat, dairy, wheat, fat, sugar, etc. for making them fat, but in reality, the problem is much simpler. Genetics and age do strongly influence metabolism, but as the CDC points out, weight gain and loss is primarily a formula of total calories consumed versus total calories used.

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Why are Americans Obese? | PublicHealth.org

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To understand the true size of the American obesity epidemic, we first need to understand what it really means to be overweight. Generally, doctors and nutritionists classify people as either underweight, healthy weight, overweight, or obese. These different classifications are determined by body mass index (BMI), or a measure of body fat based on your height and weight.

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1. I'm looking at obesity in children in Austrila and the United States.
2. One cause for obesity in children is the product packaging.
3. Here is the article titled "Impact of unhealthy food marketing on children"

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Australian children see and interact with a large number of promotions for unhealthy foods that come from a variety of sources. Australian children of 5 to 8-years-old are exposed to at least 827 unhealthy food advertisements on television each year. Australian adolescents are exposed to almost 100 promotions each week coming from online sources. The majority of food and drink advertisements near schools and on children's journeys to schools feature unhealthy products. A study from Perth showed that schools have an average of 36 food advertisements within 500 m of the grounds. There is also evidence of a social inequality in the marketing of unhealthy foods in Australia. More food advertisements and a higher proportion of unhealthy food advertisements are found near schools in lower socioeconomic areas. The highest proportion of advertisements for unhealthy foods in Australian train stations occurs in areas with the lowest socioeconomic status.

Food marketing takes advantage of the developmental vulnerabilities of children and adolescents. When viewing television, for example, children younger than about 5 years are unable to tell the difference between a program and an advertisement. Even older children who can identify advertising lack the cognitive skills and experience to critically interpret marketing messages. Adolescent brains are biased towards rewards and they are more likely to respond to cues in the environment, such as marketing. When rating the riskiness of everyday situations, young adolescents are heavily influenced by the opinions of their peers, suggesting they place high importance on conformity.

Unhealthy food marketing targets children as consumers in their own right, and as intermediaries who can influence other consumers, particularly their parents ('pester power') and peers.

Researchers have described a "cascade of effects" in which exposure to unhealthy food marketing influences children's brand awareness and preferences, and consequent purchases and consumption.Exposure to unhealthy food advertisements increases food intake in children. For example, an Australian study showed that children aged 7 to 12 years increased food intake following exposure to unhealthy food marketing, and did not compensate for this by reducing food intake at a subsequent meal.How often children consume unhealthy foods may be associated with the level of emotional arousal (positive feelings of happiness and satisfaction) that they experience after exposure to marketing.

Television advertising of unhealthy food

Commercial television viewing is independently associated with obesity in children (not just because it is a sedentary activity) and researchers conclude this link is likely due to advertising of unhealthy foods. The promotion of unhealthy products not only encourages brand switching within a product category but increases consumption of particular categories of foods including fast food and soft drinks. It attracts new customers and establishes societal norms around acceptable and desirable foods.

Studies from many countries have shown that marketing of unhealthy foods on television frequently targets children. Internationally, unhealthy food advertisements are more frequent during children's typical viewing times, during school holidays, on children's channels and around children's programming. In Australia, unhealthy food and drink advertisements are more common during children's peak viewing times, but less common during school holidays. A wide range of creative strategies are used that are likely to appeal to young people. These include celebrity endorsements, animations and promotional characters. International studies of television and other media have shown that these creative strategies were more common in the marketing of food to children than to adults.

A study of English children aged 6 to 13 years found that children had a greater preference for high-fat and high-carbohydrate foods (both branded and unbranded) after being exposed to food advertisements, compared to when the same children were shown control advertisements on a separate occasion. The effect was greatest in children who had high regular levels of television viewing.

Researchers have calculated that the average Australian 5 to 8-year-old, who watches around 80 minutes of television each day, is exposed to at least 827 advertisements or four hours of unhealthy food advertising on television each year. An Australian study of children aged 10 to 16 years found exposure to television advertising - not just the amount of time spent watching television - was associated with increased consumption of unhealthy food and drinks. The study found that the link between television viewing and poor diet was strongest for children who watched the most commercial television and were exposed to advertisements at the time of broadcast or did not skip through advertisements in television recordings. Australian children with a lower socioeconomic position are more likely to watch television and for longer periods of time than those with a higher socioeconomic position.

Online marketing of unhealthy food

Digital marketing is becoming an increasingly important tool to market unhealthy food to children and teenagers. On a typical weekday, Australian 15-year-olds spend about two hours online when they are not at school, and a quarter of them are online for more than four hours. Research by the Australian Communications and Media Authority involving children aged 8 to 17 found children spend longer periods of time online as they grow older. Digital media becomes central to their lives, particularly through social media platforms such as Instagram and YouTube.

Australian adolescents spend increasingly large amounts of time online. This time is spent on activities such as watching videos or online streaming services, using social media, gaming, listening to music and talking with friends using services such as Discord. Unhealthy food marketers can take advantage of these trends to target children and teenagers using digital media in various ways, including through advertisements, product placement, influencer marketing, brand owned content and branded apps and 'advergames' created or sponsored by companies to embed products into a game. Marketing on social media encourages teenagers to like and share brand posts with their friends, thereby harnessing the influence of peer networks.

A recent study of Australian children aged 10 to 16 years found that watching food-branded video content on YouTube and seeing favourite food brands advertised online were significantly associated with higher consumption of unhealthy food and drinks. A UK study found an increased intake of unhealthy snacks among children who viewed images of social media 'influencers' with unhealthy snacks on Instagram, compared to children who had viewed images of influencers with healthy snacks or non-food products.

A US study found that playing food-branded 'advergames' increased children's consumption of unhealthy snack foods, compared to playing advergames featuring healthy foods and non-food advergames. Within advergames, the technique of 'rewarded video advertising' in which players are shown an ad before progressing to a new level has been shown to be particularly effective. An Australian study of children aged 7 to 12 found that children exposed to rewarded video advertising within an advergame chose the promoted brand significantly more than children in other arms of the study, when offered a choice of snacks afterwards. Children exposed to the rewarded video advertising were far more likely to choose the promoted brand even compared to children who played an advergame with the promoted brand included as high-value game pieces, highlighting the sophisticated nature of advertising techniques being used to market unhealthy food to children online.

Other marketing of unhealthy food

While television and online advertising of unhealthy food to children forms a large part of the evidence base for the impact of advertising on children, the effect of other types of marketing has also been studied. Product packaging that includes the presence of cartoon characters has been found to influence taste perceptions in young children. In one US study of children aged 4 to 6 years they believed a product with a cartoon character tasted better than the same food in a package without the character. In another US study, children aged 3 to 5 years tasted identical pairs of food and drink but felt they tasted better if they were in McDonald's branded packaging.

Collectible toys are another means of altering children's food preferences, and research has shown they can be used to encourage healthy choices. A US study of children aged 3 to 5 years found a collectible toy increased preference for unhealthy meals, but had the same effect when paired with healthy meals. A similar Australian study of 5 to 9-year-olds found children were significantly more likely to select a healthier meal over an unhealthy meal when only the healthier meals were accompanied by a collectible toy.

Sports sponsorship also has an effect on children's preferences. An Australian study of 10 to 14-year-olds involved in local sport found high awareness of their clubs' sponsors, particularly when they were food and beverage companies. A majority of children in the study thought their club's food and beverage sponsors were 'cool', and liked to return the favour to these sponsors by buying their products. Many of the children had received a voucher from a food or beverage company to reward good sport performance (86%), or a sporting certificate displaying a food or beverage company logo (76%).

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Impact of unhealthy food marketing on children | Obesity Evidence Hub

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Unhealthy food marketing through advertising on television, digital media content, sports sponsorship, product packaging and collectible toys, takes advantage of the developmental vulnerabilities of children and adolescents.

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1. I'm looking at obesity in children under 12 in America.
2. One cause for obesity in this age range is excessive soda consumption.
3. Here's the article titled "Ounces of Prevention"

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1. Identify the demographic
2. Identify at least one possible cause for obesity in the identified demographic from #1
3. Link to one source that supports your idea from #2

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1. Im looking at obesity in the United States.
2. One cause for obesity in the United States is the way we market and advertise high sugar, salt, and fat in our food.
3. here is the article that supports my idea "

5 reasons Americans are obesethat have nothing to do with food"

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Obesity in the U.S. isn't going away anytime soon, according to new data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nearly 40% of adults and more than 17% of youth in the U.S. were obese between 2013 and 2014; 10 years before, about 32% of adults and 17% of youth (the same as last year) were obese.

Although the new data didn't represent a statistically significant increase from the last time the survey was conducted, from 2011 to 2012, it shows obesity remains prevalent among both adults and children, despite recent efforts to fight the issue. "I was surprised. I was not expecting this," said Bartolome Burguera, an endocrinologist at Cleveland Clinic's Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute. "It's a very important wake-up call."

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention define obesity in terms of body-mass index (BMI). Those with a BMI of 30 or higher are considered obese. Experts said the survey's results indicate that many factors are contributing to Americans' obesity, and they don't all have to do with food.

In fact, there have been some positive signs that Americans are changing the way they eat. American adults and children slightly decreased the amount of calories they were consuming on a daily basis from 2003 through 2004 to 2009 through 2010, according to separate research from Shu Wen Ng, Meghan M. Slining and Barry M. Popkin.

The researchers concluded that these changes in energy intake were independent from economic conditions or food prices, and public health efforts were likely to have helped.

Soda consumption in the U.S. has also dropped dramatically.

A newer study from Cornell also found that consuming specific high-calorie or high-sugar foods isn't related to BMI in 95% of the population; in fact, morbidly obese people actually eat fewer sweet and salty snacks than average-weight individuals, though they do eat more french fries. They concluded that overall diet, including calories from grains, oils and dairy fats, combined with physical exercise and portion control, mattered much more than targeting specific foods. (And, to be clear, that doesn't mean gorging on junk food won't make you overweight.)

Still, despite recent findings, there is still work to be done about the foods Americans eat.

Larger portion sizes for adults and children, plus the amount of sugar in Americans' diets, remain a concern, especially due to the prevalence of savory items that aren't well-known for their sugar content, including such items as fast-food cheeseburgers and certain salad dressings, said Christopher Ochner, a weight loss and nutrition expert at Mount Sinai Hospital.

Beyond food, there are several other factors at play. Here are 5:
1. Exercise
Americans are much more sedentary than in the past, Burguera said; a lot of people go an entire day without burning many calories. "You don't even have to get up to go to a meeting. You just have a meeting through the Internet," Burguera said. "Before you get home, you stop at a drive-through restaurant, then you continue to answer emails from your bed."

In fact, less than half of adults met federal guidelines for physical activity in 2014, with white adults slightly outperforming those who are black and Hispanic.

Better transportation options also mean Americans walk less than in the past, said Holly Lofton, the director of the weight management program at NYU's Langone Center.

And more children play sedentary games. In the past they would be "playing things like dodgeball, and they're playing on an iPad now," she said.

Still, simply increasing exercise isn't a cure-all, Ochner said, since those who exercise often then compensate by consuming extra calories.
2. Income
Americans in some lower-income demographics struggle more with obesity because consistently eating healthy and fresh foods can be more expensive than fast food or packaged foods, Ochner said.

Living far from locations that sell produce and other healthier foods - in areas known as "food deserts" - also contributes, Lofton said.

More than 23 million Americans live in these areas, according to the United States Department of Agriculture.

Plus, cooking a meal takes time. "When you have a very busy schedule, and when you have other important social and financial problems, eating right probably becomes a secondary point," Burguera said.

Those with lower incomes also may have less information about healthy eating, as well as less access to care for issues related to being overweight. People who don't have health insurance often can't afford to see a medical weight-loss specialist, Lofton said. They may also be unable to consistently exercise, whether that's for lack of money for a gym membership, or lack of time or a safe outdoor space.
3. Stress
Longer work hours and greater competition, both at work and academically, contribute to stress and consequently, weight gain. When people experience stress, the body feels a flight-or-fight response; this makes the body more hungry, so it will have the energy to fight off the attack, and it could lead to the body storing more fat, Lofton said. Plus, many people turn to food as a source of comfort when they feel stressed or unhappy, Burguera said.

Americans' stress levels are actually trending downward, with adults ranking their mean stress levels at 4.9 on a 10-point scale in 2014, down from 6.2 in 2007, according to the American Psychological Association's "Stress in America" survey. But this is still higher than what they said they believe to be a healthy amount of stress. And those at lower income levels, with extreme stress about money, were more likely to use food as a source of comfort than those at higher incomes.
4. Sleep deprivation
Lack of sleep is also linked to weight gain. Because of spending later hours using devices like smartphones and tablets that disrupt the sleep cycle, plus increased stress, sleep has become a factor in the fight against obesity. Not getting enough sleep affects hormone levels that increase hunger, Burguera added, and those who are lacking in quality sleep may also be less likely to have the energy to exercise.

In the U.S., 40% of adults sleep less than seven hours a night, according to a Gallup poll in 2013. That isn't a decrease from the amount of sleep they reported getting over the last 10 years, but it is a full hour less of sleep per night than Americans got in the 1940s.
5. Other illnesses
Illnesses such as depression can cause increased appetite for some people, causing weight gain (although as Ochner noted, depression can actually cause lack of appetite for others). Some people who take medications, including those prescribed for ailments including depression and nerve pain, or even hormones for in-vitro fertilization, may also experience weight gain, Lofton said.

Because the reasons for gaining weight are complex, and problems in nutrition are just beginning to be better understood, a noticeable reduction in obesity could take 10 years or more, Lofton and Ochner said.

Lofton, Ochner and Burguera said that although it's difficult to point to one solution for this multifaceted problem, financial incentive programs, from insurance companies and employers, and better education could help.

Communities should work to build safe play areas for children, Burguera said, and those in the medical profession should increase their efforts to inform the public about the health risks associated with weight gain.

Lofton also said she would like to see changes in the ways certain foods are marketed, including clearer nutrition labeling that is easier to understand.

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5 reasons Americans are obese - that have nothing to do with food

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Obesity in the U.S. isn't going away anytime soon, according to new data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nearly 40% of adults and more than 17% of youth in the U.S. were obese between 2013 and 2014; 10 years before, about 32% of adults and 17% of youth (the same as last year) were obese.