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KANUPRIYA MAHESHWARI: 2015 report  on mass spectrometry

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KANUPRIYA MAHESHWARI: 2015 report  on mass spectrometry

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http://www.conferenceseries.com/Past_Reports/Mass-Spectrometry-2015-past

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1)In what pressure range are mass spectrometers normally operated?

2) How is sensitivity defined in mass spectrometry?

3) What are the potential uses of TICs and RICs?

4) What is the meaning of the acronym "EI"?

5) EI chiefly creates singly charged ions; however, doubly and triply charged ions may also occur. Which of these are radical ions?

6) How does the ionization efficiency in EI depend on the energy of the ionizing electron?

18) Why is a primary electron energy of 70 eV the standard setting in EI mode?

7) What is the difference between stable, unstable and

metastable  ions in mass spectrometry?

8) What is the difference between intramolecular andintermolecular isotope effects?

9) What is the difference between primary and secondary kinetic isotope effects?

10) In general, do isotope effects favor loss/transfer of the heavy isotope containing moiety or do they reduce the rate of their reactions?

11)What is the difference between ionization energy (IE) and

appearance energy (AE)?

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KANUPRIYA MAHESHWARI:  Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (video)

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KANUPRIYA MAHESHWARI:  Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (video)

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03V4itSVfa4

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KANUPRIYA MAHESHWARI:NASA | The Molecule Dissector - Mass Spectrometry (video)

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KANUPRIYA MAHESHWARI:NASA | The Molecule Dissector - Mass Spectrometry (video)

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_L4U6ImYSj0

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https://www.thermofisher.com/in/en/home/life-science/protein-biology/protein-mass-spectrometry-analysis/mass-spectrometry-analysis-technical-handbooks.html

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1. Kuster B. et al. (2005) Scoring proteomes with proteotypic peptide probes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 6, 577-83.

2. Mallick P. and Kuster B. (2010) Proteomics: A pragmatic perspective. Nat Biotechnol. 28, 695-709.

3. Willard H. H. (1988) Instrumental methods of analysis. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Pub. Co. xxi, 895pp.

4. Finehout E. J. and Lee K. H. (2004) An introduction to mass spectrometry applications in biological research. Biochem Mol Biol Educ. 32, 93-100.

5. Chowdhury S. K. et al. (1990) Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric peptide mapping: A rapid, sensitive technique for protein structure analysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 167, 686-92.

6. Fenn J. B. et al. (1989) Electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry of large biomolecules. Science. 246, 64-71.

7. Barber M. et al. (1981) Fast atom bombardment of solids as an ion source in mass spectroscopy. Nature. 293, 270-5.

8. Bakhtiar R. and Tse F. L. (2000) Biological mass spectrometry: A primer. Mutagenesis. 15, 415-30.

9. Hoffmann E. d. and Stroobant V. (2001) Mass spectrometry : Principles and applications. Chichester ; New York: Wiley. xii, 407pp

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Field of Study | Applications

Proteomics

Determine protein structure, function, folding and interactions

Identify a protein from the mass of its peptide fragments

Detect specific post-translational modifications throughout complex biological mixtures

Quantitate (relative or absolute) proteins in a given sample

Monitor enzyme reactions, chemical modifications and protein digestion

Drug Discovery

Determine structures of drugs and metabolites

Screen for metabolites in biological systems

Clinical Testing

Perform forensic analyses such as confirmation of drug abuse

Detect disease biomarkers (e.g., newborns screened for metabolic diseases)

Genomics

Sequence oligonucleotides

Environment

Test water quality or food contamination

Geology

Measure petroleum composition

Perform carbon dating

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KANUPRIYA MAHESHWARI :new terms and meann

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KANUPRIYA MAHESHWARI :new terms and meann

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1-accurate mass tag Value of the mass of a peptide from a protein that has been chemically or enzymatically cleaved into fragments. The mass is recorded with sufficiently high accuracy and precision that it can be used in identification of the protein. 2- acyl cation acylium ion acyl cation Even-electron ion of general formula RC O+ (or its resonance form R–C+=O). 3. adiabatic ionization Removal of an electron from an atom, radical, or molecule in its lowest energy state, thus producing an ion in its lowest energy state. 4. adduct ion Ion formed by the interaction of a precursor ion with one or more atoms or molecules to form an ion containing all the constituent atoms of the precursor ion as well as the additional atoms from the associated atoms or molecules. Note: For example, a Na+ adduct of a molecule (M) that is represented as [M + Na]+. 5- after mass analysis This term is obsolete. Term used to describe the total ion current measured as the sum of all the separate ion currents carried by the different ions of the same sign contributing to the mass spectrum.

6- autoionization

Formation of an ion when an atom or molecule in a discrete state with an internal energy greater than the ionization threshold loses an electron spontaneously without further interaction with an energy source. 7. auxiliary gas Gas used in a spray ion source in addition to the nebulizing gas to aid in solvent removal.

8. average mass Mass of an ion or molecule weighted for its isotopic composition. 9. axial ejection Ejection of an ion from an ion trap in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the trap. 10. axialization Technique used in Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers to limit the translational motion of the trapped ions so that they occupy a small volume near the trap center, thus optimizing performance criteria including resolving power. 11. background mass spectrum Mass spectrum observed when no analyte is introduced into the mass spectrometer. 12. base peak (BP) Peak in a mass spectrum that has the greatest intensity. Note: This term may be applied to the mass spectra of pure substances or mixtures. 13. base peak chromatogram (BPC) base peak ion chromatogram Chromatogram obtained by plotting the signal of the ions represented by the base peak detected in each of a series of mass spectra recorded as a function of retention time.

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CONCLUSION

Twenty years after the development of DNA fingerprinting, DNA analysis remains the key to linking suspects to biological evidence and to identifying individuals in crimes and disasters. Another important use is the establishment of paternity in custody and child support litigation. DNA profiling is used to diagnose inherited disorders and human diseases.

The list of additional uses for DNA fingerprinting continues to grow. For example, DNA markers have proven to be powerful in the study of population genetics. Molecular markers are used to detect sudden changes in populations, effects of population fragmentation, and interaction of different populations.

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SWARALI: Applications of DNA Fingrprinting

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SWARALI: Applications of DNA Fingrprinting

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1. Paternity and Maternity
Because a person inherits his or her VNTRs from his or her parents, VNTR patterns can be used to establish paternity and maternity. The patterns are so specific that a parental VNTR pattern can be reconstructed even if only the children's VNTR patterns are known (the more children produced, the more reliable the reconstruction). Parent-child VNTR pattern analysis has been used to solve standard father-identification cases as well as more complicated cases of confirming legal nationality and, in instances of adoption, biological parenthood.

2. Criminal Identification and Forensics
DNA isolated from blood, hair, skin cells, or other genetic evidence left at the scene of a crime can be compared, through VNTR patterns, with the DNA of a criminal suspect to determine guilt or innocence. VNTR patterns are also useful in establishing the identity of a homicide victim, either from DNA found as evidence or from the body itself.

3. Personal Identification
The notion of using DNA fingerprints as a sort of genetic bar code to identify individuals has been discussed, but this is not likely to happen anytime in the foreseeable future. The technology required to isolate, keep on file, and then analyze millions of very specified VNTR patterns is both expensive and impractical. Social security numbers, picture ID, and other more mundane methods are much more likely to remain the prevalent ways to establish personal identification.

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DNA fingerprinting

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(The paper I have posted does not have many complex technical terms but I did not know the meanings of the following terms)

1.page 10, line 6: underpinning-a set of ideas, motives, or devices which justify or form the basis for something.

2.page 22, 5th last line: cross jurisdictional

3.page 27, 2nd last line: perpetuate-make (something) continue indefinitely.

I also found some new terms in the DNA Fingerprinting article.

1.Oligonucleotide-a polynucleotide whose molecules contain a relatively small number of nucleotides.

2.Multilocus-Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a technique in molecular biology for the typing of multiple loci.

3.High stringency hybridization- refers to conditions during hybrization procedure

4. Short tandem repeats- A short tandem repeat is a microsatellite, consisting of a unit of two to thirteen nucleotides repeated hundreds of times in a row on the DNA strand. STR analysis measures the exact number of repeating units.

5. Allelic-one of a pair of genes that appear at a particular location on a particular chromosome and control the same characteristic, such as blood type or colorblindness

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Q.1) Have you come across the term DNA Fingerprinting?

Q.2) Are you aware of the advantages of this technique?

Q.3) Do you think that this technique can have other applications apart from criminal investigation?

Q.4) Are you aware of the procedure of DNA Fingerprinting?

Q.5) Will you volunteer to have your DNA Fingerprinting done?

Q.6) Considering its unique feature, do you feel that state agencies should have this database of every citizen?

Q.7) If it consitutes foolproof evidence are there any chances of its misuse by investigation agencies

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Vaishnavi Bhusari- List of Applications:

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Vaishnavi Bhusari- List of Applications:

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1. DNA Typing is one of the fields where forensic science has its application. DNA typing refers to a procedure wherein DNA extracted from a biological sample obtained from an individual is analyzed.

2. Forensic Archaeology: In Forensic archaeology we can date items found in grave sites, including bones, using a range of techniques. Carbon dating can determine whether the grave site is recent or ancient. It is closely related to forensic anthropology.

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Vaishnavi Bhusari- New terms and meanings

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Vaishnavi Bhusari- New terms and meanings

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1. Criminalistics- It is scientific analysis of evidences that are collected from crime scene

2. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-

The ability to identify and accurately measure small amounts of a particular chemical element.

3. Forensic Toxicology- It is analysis of blood and tissue samples which is used to detect presence of drugs, alcohol and it is mostly related to pharmacology and pathology.

4. Forensic ballistics fIngerprinting - These are the technique that rely on marks that firearms leave on bullets to match a bullet to the gun it was fired with.

5. Lumicyano- A new product with which  police can highlight fingerprints using fluorescence and do so more quickly, with lower overall costs, than the more tedious and time

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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A forensic science technician is someone who helps investigate crimes by collecting and analyzing physical evidence. Most technicians specialize in either crime scene investigation or laboratory analysis. Crime scene investigators may work long hours under distressing conditions.

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Gel electrophoresis lab demo

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Vassar College Directed and Produced by Academic Computing Services

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National Human Genome Research Institute

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A demonstration of the technique of DNA agarose gel electrophoresis in the context of college-level introductory biology labs. Demonstration conducted by: Elizabeth Collins, Ph.D. Biology Department, Vassar College Directed and Produced by Academic Computing Services, Vassar College Post-production by: Brandon Duran, Vassar College class of 2014. Copyright © 2012 by Vassar College.

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How DNA Fingerprinting is used to nab criminals

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KS3 Activate 3 Kerboodle: Explaining DNA fingerprinting

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DNA Fingerprinting

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How does DNA fingerprinting work? - Naked Science Scrapbook

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Paper posted: Trends, Challenges and Strategy in Forensic Science Sector.

Technology in focus: DNA Extraction

Application of the technology: DNA fingerprinting

Alternative: Personal microbiomes as fingerprints

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University of Washington engineers and NanoFacture, a Bellevue, Wash., company, have created a device that can extract human DNA from fluid samples in a simpler, more efficient and environmentally friendly way than conventional methods. The manufacturer is KNR Systems in South Korea. Watch the device in operation.

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A multidisciplinary, victim-centered approach and standardized, efficient evidence processing in sexual assault cases are the focus of a new report by the National Institute of Justice. The report, National Best Practices for Sexual Assault Kits,...

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The National Forensic Association, NFA, is an academic association dedicated to providing leadership in intercollegiate speech and debate education in the United States.

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Journal of Forensic Sciences - Wiley Online Library

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Wiley Online Library will be unavailable on Saturday 12th August at 3:00 EDT / 8:00 BST / 12:30 IST / 15:00 SGT for 4 hours for essential maintenance. Apologies for the inconvenience.

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New technology: DNA extraction in minutes

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Engineering | Health and medicine | News releases | Research | Technology

Take a swab of saliva from your mouth and within minutes your DNA could be ready for analysis and genome sequencing with the help of a new device.

University of Washington engineers and NanoFacture, a Bellevue, Wash., company, have created a device that can extract human DNA from fluid samples in a simpler, more efficient and environmentally friendly way than conventional methods.

The device will give hospitals and research labs a much easier way to separate DNA from human fluid samples, which will help with genome sequencing, disease diagnosis and forensic investigations.

"It's very complex to extract DNA," said Jae-Hyun Chung, a UW associate professor of mechanical engineering who led the research. "When you think of the current procedure, the equivalent is like collecting human hairs using a construction crane."

This technology aims to clear those hurdles. The small, box-shaped kit now is ready for manufacturing, then eventual distribution to hospitals and clinics. NanoFacture, a UW spinout company, signed a contract with Korean manufacturer KNR Systems last month at a ceremony in Olympia, Wash.

The UW, led by Chung, spearheaded the research and invention of the technology, and still manages the intellectual property.

Separating DNA from bodily fluids is a cumbersome process that's become a bottleneck as scientists make advances in genome sequencing, particularly for disease prevention and treatment. The market for DNA preparation alone is about $3 billion each year.

Conventional methods use a centrifuge to spin and separate DNA molecules or strain them from a fluid sample with a micro-filter, but these processes take 20 to 30 minutes to complete and can require excessive toxic chemicals.

UW engineers designed microscopic probes that dip into a fluid sample - saliva, sputum or blood - and apply an electric field within the liquid. That draws particles to concentrate around the surface of the tiny probe. Larger particles hit the tip and swerve away, but DNA-sized molecules stick to the probe and are trapped on the surface. It takes two or three minutes to separate and purify DNA using this technology.

"This simple process removes all the steps of conventional methods," Chung said.

The hand-held device can clean four separate human fluid samples at once, but the technology can be scaled up to prepare 96 samples at a time, which is standard for large-scale handling.

The tiny probes, called microtips and nanotips, were designed and built at the UW in a micro-fabrication facility where a technician can make up to 1 million tips in a year, which is key in proving that large-scale production is feasible, Chung said.

Engineers in Chung's lab also have designed a pencil-sized device using the same probe technology that could be sent home with patients or distributed to those serving in the military overseas. Patients could swab their cheeks, collect a saliva sample, then process their DNA on the spot to send back to hospitals and labs for analysis.

This could be useful as efforts ramp up toward sequencing each person's genome for disease prevention and treatment, Chung said.

The market for this device isn't developed yet, but Chung's team will be ready when it is. Meanwhile, the larger device is ready for commercialization, and its creators have started working with distributors.

A UW Center for Commercialization grant of $50,000 seeded initial research in 2008, and since then researchers have received about $2 million in funding from the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. Sang-gyeun Ahn, a UW assistant professor of industrial design, crafted the prototype.

###

For more information, contact Chung at jae71@uw.edu or 206-543-4355.

Tag(s): College of Engineering * Department of Mechanical Engineering * Jae-Hyun Chung * Sang-gyeun Ahn

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New device can extract human DNA with full genetic data in minutes

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Engineering | Health and medicine | News releases | Research | Technology Take a swab of saliva from your mouth and within minutes your DNA could be ready for analysis and genome sequencing with the help of a new device.

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Research: 'UNIQUE' FINGERPRINTS

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Why forensic science an important topic?

Forensic science is a very useful tool in solving crime cases. It does not simply deal with circumstantial evidence. It can help solve a case which is not leading anywhere with a simple test, like the recent Sheena Bora murder case. And new innovations and reforms in forensic science will help in improving security as well as solve domestic, immigration and conservation issues.

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Despite claiming to have found the charred skeletal remains of Sheena Bora in Raigad based on the testimony of Indrani Mukerjea's driver Shyam Rai, the Mumbai Police still need evidence that the body is that of Sheena, and that she is indeed dead. With only verbal confessions to back its claim at this stage, the Mumbai Police was relying on the DNA probe to nail the case.

A DNA match report from the forensic science laboratory will be most crucial to prove in a court of law that the skeletal remains belonged to Sheena, said an official at the Kalina Forensic Science Laboratory.
Watch Video...

Sources claimed that since no belongings were reportedly found from the spot, the probe by the investigating agency will have to be "water tight".

According to the preliminary probe, Sheena's body had suffered 70 per cent burns and only few bones were found at the spot on August 22 when the raiding team reached Pen, Raigad. A team has now been sent to Guwahati to track Siddharth Das, who is believed to be Sheena's biological father and Indrani's first husband. The police could also take DNA samples from her biological brother Mikhail, said sources. In cases where bodies are charred beyond recognition and the body is completely decomposed, forensic experts rely on the DNA profile of both the biological parents to reach a final conclusion.

"The extent of damage in cases where a body is set on fire, depends upon various factors like the intensity of the fire, which may or may not completely burn even the skeletal remains, " added the official from the Kalina FSL. "If the burn injuries are 100 per cent, then it would be next to impossible to get DNA sample, especially since so much time has passed by," said the officer.

For all the latest India News, download Indian Express App

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DNA samples key to police case against Indrani Mukerjea

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Despite claiming to have found the charred skeletal remains of Sheena Bora in Raigad based on the testimony of Indrani Mukerjea's driver Shyam Rai, the Mumbai Police still need evidence that the body is that of Sheena, and that she is indeed dead.

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The reference paper I have posted is taken from Netherlands Forensic Institute website. I searched for papers related to current scenario of forensic science published by Forensic Institutes. After some online research I found one paper published by former CEO of Netherlands Forensic Institute.

I then searched for techniques important for forensic science and came across DNA Fingerprinting

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1. http://www.isca.in/FORENSIC_SCI/

2.

http://www.fsijournal.org/

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Book: World of Forensic Science

Author: K. Lee Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth Lerner

Place: Harvard University

Year of Publication: 2006

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Book: Forensic Science: an encyclopedia of history method and techniques

Author: William J. Tilstone, Kathleen A. Savage, and Leigh A. Clark

Place: National Forensic Science Technology Center in Largo

Year of Publication: 2006

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Special Report

Forensics offers career opportunities for the Sherlock Holmes of the future - and the work is far from elementary, says Susan Myers.

Following procedure: (from right) Patrick O'Donnell, Amy Rogala and intern Vonda McAllister assess the evidence in San Diego.

Geneticist Patrick O'Donnell was happy to help police with their enquiries when they rang him in 1990. During a postdoc at San Diego State University, O'Donnell had started to question whether he wanted to remain in academic research. The San Diego Police Department (SDPD) Crime Laboratory was looking for a scientist to coordinate the design and construction of a forensic DNA-analysis laboratory. It was a perfect match.

O'Donnell's project, studying defects in the muscles of fruitflies, was "so esoteric and uninteresting to the general population", he says, "that I found myself asking: 'What contribution am I making?'." But work in the SDPD Crime Laboratory offered him both a chance to 'contribute' and a degree of job security. Although he had some trepidation about 'selling out' of academic research and having to build a new facility and scientific programme from scratch, he applied for the post and got the job. He doesn't regret the move. "Everything my lab does every day touches people," O'Donnell says.

Highly trained scientific specialists such as O'Donnell are relatively new to crime labs, which have traditionally been home to generalists who process evidence such as hair, fibres, soil and fingerprints. But advances in the technologies behind DNA analysis - particularly in the analysis of individual genetic variation found at short tandem repeats (STRs) in the genome - have enhanced a researcher's ability to identify a suspect by matching DNA evidence from a crime scene to a reference sample. And the increase in the number of DNA databases containing such evidence has made the technique all the more powerful.

This new brand of DNA analysis, and the attendant databases that have sprung up around it, has opened up new career possibilities for scientists. The number of forensics labs already in existence hint at the opportunities - the United States has 120 public forensic laboratories nationwide, and the United Kingdom has seven regional labs. California has been especially active in seeking out specialists. The DNA lab at California's Department of Justice (DOJ) has played a large part in training forensic DNA analysts. In a push to populate its database in 2001, the DOJ hired about 100 criminalists to analyse hundreds of DNA samples a day.

BACK TO THE LAB

Dianne Burns finds forensic science to be an interesting use for her science qualifications.

One beneficiary was Dianne Burns, who says she had always been interested in science. But because of "lack of discipline", she dropped out of college to become a carpenter's apprentice in British Columbia in the 1980s, moving to California to build houses before realizing she needed more intellectual stimulation.

Burns finished her biology degree at the University of California, Davis, then worked for a year in the coroner's office before taking a job as a technician identifying and locating fingerprints in the San Mateo County Sheriff's Department. In December 1991, she became a criminalist with the DOJ DNA lab in Berkeley. She has worked there ever since - apart from a one-year sabbatical to complete a masters degree in forensic science at King's College London, during which she spent some time working for the police in Edinburgh, where she investigated the chemistry of arson accelerants. Burns now says that if she had the chance to do her degrees over again, she might opt to study chemistry, but "you have to go where the money is", and right now the forensic cash is in DNA analysis.

Heightened public awareness of the significance of DNA evidence in criminal prosecutions has also affected the funding decisions made by legislators. California recently received $46 million for the California Cold Hit programme, which uses STR analysis on evidence in suspectless cases and in unsolved sexual assaults and murders.

Forensic-education programmes are now cropping up to accommodate the increase in public interest, says Burns. But she advises prospective students to choose an established, reputable programme that teaches a set of competencies endorsed by the government, rather than a more general course. In Britain, two stood out for her: one at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow and the one she took at King's College.

Barbara Daniel, director of the King's College degree programme, says that the large number of applicants for the course allows her to be choosy. She prefers students who have degrees in molecular biology or chemistry, with some coursework in statistics and laboratory experience. Many are on study leave from their police or forensic jobs. The King's College programme admits 40 students a year out of 200 or so applicants, with about a quarter of the students coming from abroad.

DETERMINED APPROACH

Not all scientists are cut out for forensics, which requires strict attention to detail. Daniel calls it "dogged determination", and says that successful criminalists are not necessarily those who understand all of the theory, but the ones who can communicate science to the public. "You have to be a good communicator to be able to stand up in court," she says. The innovative nature of many research scientists would be a disadvantage, as criminalists must follow standard operating procedures without variance.

Ian Fitch, who swapped from a postdoc at the University of California, Santa Barbara, to the SDPD forensic-biology unit, agrees. "PhD training requires that you 'think outside the box'," he says, "whereas forensic science is often 'inside the box'." As a rule, the profession attracts people with certain characteristics: criminalists are a meticulous lot.

"Everyone in the field is compulsive," says Amy Rogala, a former biology teacher who switched to a masters degree in forensics before she was hired as a criminalist by the California DOJ. Joking that she studies human behaviour, she tells of colleagues repeatedly straightening papers on their desks, and of envelopes discarded because their ink labels had faintly transferred the words 'freezer packet' from the front of one to the back of another. Rogala includes herself in this conscientious group. "I'm a finisher," she says. "I started a case yesterday, and I finished it yesterday."

Fitch agrees. He likes the fact that there is a beginning, a middle and an end to the work. "In research," he says, "there's a beginning, and a beginning..." For O'Donnell, the satisfaction comes from realizing that the work done by the criminalists he has hired contributes daily to the lives of people and changes the outcome of criminal cases. "It was the best decision I ever made," he says. "I never go home any more and say 'what am I doing with my life?'."
Expert witness
The future of forensics

Expert witness

Robert Shaler, director of forensic biology at the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) in New York, eased into the world of forensic science as an expert witness.

Shaler had completed his PhD in biochemistry, worked as a postdoc at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and then taught at the School of Pharmacy at the University of Pittsburgh. Along the way, and "just out of interest", he took night courses in forensic science.

He eventually took a job at the Pittsburgh crime lab, where he received a research grant to work on a private case from New York City, for which he was asked to testify.

Shaler's work on the case was reviewed by the OCME, where it was so highly regarded that he was later offered a job when a position became available.

Shaler now employs 105 people, in positions ranging from assistant director to technician. When hiring staff, Shaler opts for a careful balance. "I don't want a homogeneous lab," he says. "I shy away from taking people all from the same background or programme."

The future of forensics

Following protocols and standard operating procedures is crucial to forensic science, but technological innovations are still improving the tools of the trade. In some cases, the DNA evidence is too scant for the common analytical methods. In these instances, the FBI and the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner use mitochondrial DNA analysis, which examines maternally inherited DNA found in specific parts of the cell. Although it is expensive, other labs may soon adopt this procedure.

Another emerging technology uses a larger amount of DNA in the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) - points in the genome at which the sequence varies between individuals by a single letter in the genetic code. A collection of SNPs from a sample could shift DNA analysis from determining a suspect's identity towards the predictive realm. For example, in a case with no suspects and no match in the DNA databases, SNPs from the sample could provide clues to physical characteristics and ethnicity, offering a genetic profile that could be used to track down a suspect.

Susan Myers is a scientific adviser to Cozen O'Connor Attorneys in San Diego.

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Special Report Forensics offers career opportunities for the Sherlock Holmes of the future - and the work is far from elementary, says Susan Myers. Following procedure: (from right) Patrick O'Donnell, Amy Rogala and intern Vonda McAllister assess the evidence in San Diego.

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This video depicts subsequent evolution of forensic sciences.

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This video shows how technological aspects are revolutionizing Forensic Science

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http://www.intohigher.com/marshall Dr. Terry Fenger, Director of the Marshall University Forensic Science Center, and Josh Brunty, Assistant Professor of Integrated Science & Technology, speak about the research performed at Marshall University's top-ranked Forensic Science program. Learn about the equipment used for research, the projects students take part in, and how the research benefits the students during their education and in their careers after graduation.

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This journal deals with the usage electronics in forensic science in the recent times

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KANUPRIYA MAHESHWARI : question regarding posts

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KANUPRIYA MAHESHWARI : question regarding posts

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How are spectra used in forensic science?
Usually the spectra are linked with analytical determinations to define carefully the quantity. For an example, Chromatography is used often with mass spectroscopy and from fragmentary peaks we can reform the molecule(s) we need to know.
Other times, after sampling and purification of the sample we may perform UV or IR or NMR on organic compounds to state if there are drugs/ poisoning agents. Sometimes (UVs) to establish the concentration, we may have to perform the measures with some "blanks" that reproduce a straightforwardly increasing line, with 2 distinct points that are our beginning and ending concentrations, where in the meanwhile we think our unknown concentration is... Soon after the measurement, we can evaluate that value using the common formulas used for calculating the concentration to establish if it is contamined or not.

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KANUPRIYA MAHESHWARI : Collection of data

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KANUPRIYA MAHESHWARI : Collection of data

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information posted here is taken from journal published in Frequency Control Symposium and Exhibition, 2000. Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE/EIA International

and also from some google websites

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Describes an ion storage trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometer (IS/TOE-MS) for performing real-time monitoring of volatile and semivolatile compounds in air. We selected this approach because the IS/TOF-MS combination is capable of providing both fast analysis and sample preconcentration needed for trace-air analysis. Specifically, the IS, which serves as the pulsed extraction source for the TOF-MS, can also be used to preconcentrate target chemicals to lower detection limits. TOE/MS provides for real-time monitoring whereby an entire mass spectrum typically can be produced in less than 100μs. Given the relatively long storage-time capability of the IS (i.e., 10 ms to rather than 1 s), the IS/TOF-MS system achieves a duty cycle that approaches 100%. The transmission efficiency in the IS/TOF-MS is equally as high because the entire ion population accumulated in the IS device can be extracted toward the TOF/MS. The theory and operation of the IS as a pulsed extraction source for TOF-MS analysis of VOCs is discussed and the instrument's performance is evaluated

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I had mostly searched on internet for this topic. I tried to get information about technological influence on forensic science particularly. For this i started my search from google and then igot the corresponding information about this and the sites related to this topic.

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Vaishnavi Bhusari - Questions regarding posts:

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Vaishnavi Bhusari - Questions regarding posts:

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The first question that arises is why is forensic science chosen as a topic? In today's era, the rate of criminal cases is increasing at a faster pace. So there is a serious need of new techniques for tackling with the cases. At the same time there are radical changes in technology too. If there is an intervention of technology in forensic science, then the solving of the cases would be fairly trouble-free.

* In what way technology has influenced forensic science?

In the past, the analysis of criminal cases was done mostly with the help different chemical and a few physical methods. But today the forensic scientists use high-tools at their disposal for analyzing evidences. Foe example: today most of the police departments use computerized crime mapping and electronic information systems

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What exactly is Forensic Science ?

Investigation process involves combination of various parameters that will lead the investigation to the accused.

Forensic Science is a key tool in the hands of investigator that decodes the primary evidence. It employs scientific techniques that translates the findings into information that has evidential value.

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Investigation process involves combination of various parameters that will lead the investigation to the accused.

Forensic Science is a key tool in the hands of investigator that decodes the primary evidence. It employs scientific techniques that translates the findings into information that has evidential value.

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The article I have uploaded is a paper published by the former CEO of Netherlands Forensic Institute, Dr. Tjark Tjin-A-Tsoi

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The NFI's former CEO Dr. Tjark Tjin-A-Tsoi has written a paper discussing his experiences and observations about governance of a modern forensic science organisation. The paper provides an analysis of the current trends and challenges in the sector and describes the NFI's answer to them.

The article highlights the reasons for growth in forensic science sector, the problems faced by it and the methods which can be implemented to overcome the obstacles.

It talks about need for focusing on the consumer as well as a growing need for training and education.

New developments especially in the field of biometrics and chemistry has enable forensic science to provide more concrete and reliable information to the investigators.

Advancement in technology is changing the role of forensic science. Earlier it was cast in a supporting role but now it is set to become the play-maker in many types of investigations.

In all, new insights, technologies and increasing awareness has initiated a transition in the forensic science sector.

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My topic is

Ion storage techniques and time-of-flight mass spectrometry in physical forensic science
My reference paper is published in Frequency Control Symposium and Exhibition, 2000. Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE/EIA International

The reference link is http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=887326&tag=1

authors information : David M. Chambers and Louis I. Grace* Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore CA *Current address: Department of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israe

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The forensic science has considerably evolved over a long period of time. The techniques used in analyzing the cases of forensic have been drastically changed. Today, there is tremendous use of technology in forensic department. The job of the forensic scientists is confined to not only investigating and solving murder and criminal cases but also solving cyber crimes and other acts of violence. Nowadays, the analysis of a criminal case is initiated by collecting digital evidences and then the corresponding information is gathered. Subsequently, the scientists go to the roots of the case and get the results. DNA technology, image processing, forensic toxicology are some of the modern advancements in this field. Thus, moden technology has changed the outlook of forensic science.

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While there is no doubt that modern advances in technology have led to numerous crimes being solved that would have been dismissed as a cold case decades ago, there hasn't always been the technological advances in the field. The early days of forensic science must have been quite frustrating for detectives with a lack of options, outside of their own skills of inquiry and a trusty magnifying glass. Modern marvels such as DNA analysis or image enhancement technologies, have made forensic science easier in one respect. However, the methods of criminals have changed with advancement of technology as well. Forensic scientists not only solve for murders and other violent crimes, but for chemical attacks, cyber crimes, and any other acts of violence that come with the modern territory.

How exactly has forensic science changed over time? Here is a run down of some of the advances made in forensic technology along with other important milestones in forensics history that date all the way back from the 1200's to today, with a variety of forensic applications. By the time you complete your forensics degree, there will be even more technology at your disposal.

Historical Timeline

1248. The Washing Away of Wrongs by Song Ci, a Chinese doctor, is the first written evidence we have of forensic science being used, such as learning the difference between death by strangulation and death by drowning.

1598. Italian doctor Fortunatus Fidelis begins practice; he is considered the first person to practice modern forensic medicine, defined as "application of medical knowledge to legal questions."

1854. Police in San Francisco begin to use photography to identify criminals.

1880. Modern fingerprint identification techniques begin to develop. In the British scientific journal Nature, Englishmen Henry Faulds and William James Herschel describe the uniqueness of each persons' fingerprints.

1888. Chicago is the first U.S. city to adopt the Bertillon system of identification, a technique of human body measurement used in anthropological classification to the identification of criminals.

1899. First use of police cars in Akron, Ohio.

1921. While still a medical student at the University of California, John Larson invents the modern lie detector, also known as the polygraph.

1923. The first dedicated crime laboratory in a police department is implemented in Los Angeles.

1948. Founding of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS).

1996. The National Academy of Sciences declare that there is no reason to doubt the conclusions of DNA evidence.

Modern Breakthroughs

Now that we've seen the history, here are a few modern breakthroughs in forensic technology and analysis, applicable in a variety of fields within forensics.

LABRADOR. The cleverly named LABRADOR (Light-weight Analyzer for Buried Remains and Decomposition Odor Recognition) is a device used to "sniff" out various chemicals that are released by decaying bodies. Highly useful with missing persons reports.

Chemical Forensics. Similarly, a chemist at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is devising a forensic technique that can detect the source of impurities within chemicals, that could lead to finding criminals in a terrorist attack.

Blood Spatter Improvements. Physicists at Washington State University have recently developed a mathematical way to analyze blood spatter and plotting how blood droplets will fall from a ceiling or wall.

Forensic Ballistics. Numerous advancements in ballistics technology have been made using 3D imaging. Analysis of these projections can help determine where a weapon was fired based on shells and cartridges.

Cyber Hacking. With recent events such as the Sony hacks and the attacks at Charlie Hebdo in Paris, digital forensic experts are using the latest in computer technology to track down the perpetrators of these crimes.

Alternative Light in Forensic Nursing. Forensic nursing is a very specific concentration of forensics. Use of alternative light photography can help nurses care for patients while maintaining the integrity of evidence as well.

While new technologies may not yet be fool-proof, DNA analysis is still considered the primary route of forensic analysis. The newest of these technologies is called Snapshot, which takes DNA info and translates it into possible physical traits of suspected criminals. To read more about these advances, here is an academic paper from North Carolina Central University exploring the vast detail to which DNA analysis has advanced. Updates continue in the field every day, making forensic science both an important and exciting career.

What are the most popular degrees in forensic science?

In order to work in forensic science or criminal justice, you'll need to obtain a degree related to the field. Our list of schools will help you find the right program that meets your specific career goals.
Click here to see more online forensic science degrees

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How Technology Has Shaped Forensic Science

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While there is no doubt that modern advances in technology have led to numerous crimes being solved that would have been dismissed as a cold case decades ago, there hasn't always been the technological advances in the field.

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 Vaisshnavi Bhusari- Involvement of technology in Forensic Sciences_

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 Vaisshnavi Bhusari- Involvement of technology in Forensic Sciences_

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here is one of the examples where technology is efficiently used in collection of evidences.

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Certified Digital Media Examiners are investigators who have the education, training and experience to properly exploit this sensitive evidence. That said, there is no single certifying body, and certification programs can contain different courses of study.