# data[].attributes.body
- HB

# data[].attributes.headline
1. authors are experts with advanced degrees 

# data[].attributes.subject
1. authors are experts with advanced degrees 

# data[].attributes.body
2. contains evidence and research
3. authors read beyond their own research and include citations
BL

# data[].attributes.headline
It has longer articles, contains citations, references, biblography, works cited and has evidence of research done by author -SD

# data[].attributes.subject
It has longer articles, contains citations, references, biblography, works cited and has evidence of research done by author -SD

# data[].attributes.body
1. Author is expert in field with advanced degrees
2. Contain evidence of research on topic
3. Has citation and works cited
-OP

# data[].attributes.headline
Written by experts or researchers that contains evidence and of research on topic

# data[].attributes.subject
Written by experts or researchers that contains evidence and of research on topic

# data[].attributes.body
-AD

# data[].attributes.headline
Show author has authority, shows references used, has evidence that supports claims -NL

# data[].attributes.subject
Show author has authority, shows references used, has evidence that supports claims -NL

# data[].attributes.body
The author is an expert in their field of research and they include citations. -MF

# data[].attributes.body
1. Written by authors with credentials
2. Contains reference list
3. Research was done by author

# data[].attributes.headline
concussion, college, student, athlete, head injury, prevent, long term, sports -cc

# data[].attributes.subject
concussion, college, student, athlete, head injury, prevent, long term, sports -cc

# data[].attributes.body
They have resources and citations. usually longer. EHM

# data[].attributes.body
1. Author has strong affiliations
2. There is good evidence in their article
3. Includes citations and works cited from outside sources
OB

# data[].attributes.headline
long term, impacts, prevented, college students, sports

# data[].attributes.subject
long term, impacts, prevented, college students, sports

# data[].attributes.body
- AD

# data[].attributes.headline
Concussions, college athletes, impacts, long term affects, prevention, health, football, treatment, sports, student -SD

# data[].attributes.subject
Concussions, college athletes, impacts, long term affects, prevention, health, football, treatment, sports, student -SD

# data[].attributes.headline
Concussion, college, prevent, symptoms -NL

# data[].attributes.subject
Concussion, college, prevent, symptoms -NL

# data[].attributes.body
- they show that they did research
- it includes citations and/or a bibliography
- the author is an expert in the subject (work for or at a research center, a hospital, university, or alike)

# data[].attributes.body
key words = long term, impact, concussion, college, student, athlete, prevented

# data[].attributes.body
Concussion, Head Injury, long term impact, college student athletes, prevention, athlete, concussions in sports, cte, head injury symptoms
-OP

# data[].attributes.headline
1.Authors are experts with advenced degrees. RV

# data[].attributes.subject
1.Authors are experts with advenced degrees. RV

# data[].attributes.body
2. Evidences of research done by the author.
3. Citations and bibliography.

# data[].attributes.headline
evidence, citations, references, advanced degrees -cc

# data[].attributes.subject
evidence, citations, references, advanced degrees -cc

# data[].attributes.body
- Written by figures with authority in that field (good credentials, recognitions, etc.)
-Their uniquely published work based on their own evidence/research
-Peer reviewed and have works cited

# data[].attributes.body
concussions, college students, athletes, prevention, injuries, sport injuries

# data[].attributes.headline
Concussion, College Students, Prevented, Long Term- MF

# data[].attributes.subject
Concussion, College Students, Prevented, Long Term- MF

# data[].attributes.body
1. The authors that write it have their credentials listed.
2. Has a reference list
3. Has citations and bibliography listed

# data[].attributes.body
synonyms = collision, higher education, sports player, stopped

# data[].attributes.body
Concussions, college student, college athlete, prevention, health, sports, head injury, brain, long-term, impact

# data[].attributes.body
1. a longer abstract
2. citations/references
3. evidence of research done by author(s) -SD

# data[].attributes.body
concussion, college, athletes, prevent

# data[].attributes.headline
Long term, concussion, student athlete and prevent. RV

# data[].attributes.subject
Long term, concussion, student athlete and prevent. RV

# data[].attributes.body
The article must have cited sources, evidence of thorough research done, or if the author is an expert in the field they are writing about. -SB

# data[].attributes.body
College student, Athletes, Concussions, long term, prevented- EHM

# data[].attributes.headline
concussion, college athletes, college students, head injury, sport injury, concussion prevention- HB

# data[].attributes.subject
concussion, college athletes, college students, head injury, sport injury, concussion prevention- HB

# data[].attributes.headline
CK                                          Concussion, College Student, Athletes, Prevented     

# data[].attributes.subject
CK                                          Concussion, College Student, Athletes, Prevented     

# data[].attributes.body
Concussion, athletes, college students, long term effects, symptoms, injury, sports -SB

# data[].attributes.body
College, concussions, college athletes, physical injuries, sports, sports injuries, head, brain, prevent, therapy, sports safety, prevention

# data[].attributes.body
Includes Citations
Author has Authority/Expert in the field
It contains evidence and research
-PP

# data[].attributes.headline
Title: Concussion Symptoms and Neurocognitive Performance of High School and College Athletes Who Incur Multiple Concussions

# data[].attributes.subject
Title: Concussion Symptoms and Neurocognitive Performance of High School and College Athletes Who Incur Multiple Concussions

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# data[].attributes.headline
concussions, prevention, long term, college students - JT

# data[].attributes.subject
concussions, prevention, long term, college students - JT

# data[].attributes.headline
college, student athletes, concussions, long term impacts, preventative -SD

# data[].attributes.subject
college, student athletes, concussions, long term impacts, preventative -SD

# data[].attributes.body
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Reducing musculoskeletal injury and concussion risk in schoolboy rugby
players with a pre-activity movement control exercise programme: a cluster randomised controlled trial
OB

# data[].attributes.headline
citations, references, written by figures with authority 

# data[].attributes.subject
citations, references, written by figures with authority 

# data[].attributes.body
-AD

# data[].attributes.body
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Log in below with your URI SSO (Single Sign-On) Credentials to access the e-resources from the URI libraries.

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Concussion in sports: Postconcussive activity levels, symptoms, and neurocognitive performance
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-OP

# data[].attributes.headline
Title: Altitude Modulates Concussion Incidence: Implications for Optimizing Brain Compliance to Prevent Brain Injury in Athletes

# data[].attributes.subject
Title: Altitude Modulates Concussion Incidence: Implications for Optimizing Brain Compliance to Prevent Brain Injury in Athletes

# data[].attributes.body
MM

# data[].attributes.body
Title: If Not Now, When? An Absence of Neurocognitive and Postural Stability Deficits in Collegiate Athletes with One or More Concussions.
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college student, athlete, prevention, long term, concussion - HB

# data[].attributes.subject
college student, athlete, prevention, long term, concussion - HB

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Long term impacts, enduring, Concussions, collegiate athletes, sports, health, prevented, treatment
-PP

# data[].attributes.body
Title:

Association Between Previous Concussion Education and Concussion Care-Seeking Outcomes Among National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Student-Athletes.

Link: http://uri.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=149597266&site=ehost-live&scope=site

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Title: As Athletic Programs Push Harder, Medical Staffs Fret Over Consequences
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# data[].attributes.headline
Epidemiology of Sports-Related Concussions in nAtional Collegiate Athletic Association Athletes

# data[].attributes.subject
Epidemiology of Sports-Related Concussions in nAtional Collegiate Athletic Association Athletes

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SB

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Title:

Headbanger Nation.

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It's an increasingly common story in football: When experts examine the brains of former players, they find that many have a disorder called chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a type of brain degeneration caused by years of repeated head injuries and concussions. The result is an often tragic situation that can cause aggressive behavior, a loss of memory and cognitive function, and in some cases, violence, depression and suicide.

Aaron Hernandez was only 27 when he died. The former New England Patriot was convicted of murdering a man in a fit of rage before committing suicide in his jail cell in 2017. Experts posthumously diagnosed him with CTE, along with a number of players that have fallen on similarly tragic circumstances. The numbers, meanwhile, are staggering. One found when the brains of deceased former football players were examined, 87 percent of college players and 99 percent of NFL players had CTE, a condition that was once considered rare.

That's why researchers are in a rush to protect players from the condition. Most recently, players at the University of North Carolina were equipped with "smart mouth guards" with built in sensors that record player data including the speed, direction, force, location and severity of play hits. Jason Mihalik, who heads up the school's concussion research program, says that the data gathered from the mouth guards could be used to make important changes to football rules.

For starters, they might be able to help researchers see where the most dangerous hits are happening - and what can be done to reduce them.

The Danger at Kickoff

Mihalik and his team previously used helmets with built-in sensors to collect epidemiological data that helped motivate important changes to kickoff rules. But recently, these newer mouth guards were found to even more accurately read how hits and tackles impact the brain. Kickoffs have been increasingly under fire because players run directly at each other and can build up speed before impact. A showed that while kickoffs represent just 6 percent of plays, they represent 21 percent of all concussions in college football. In 2018, the rule was changed so that kickoff receivers can make a fair catch inside the 20-yard line, and players on the kicking team will not be allowed to receive a running start. This way, players aren't charging at each other full speed as often.

But while Mihalik says that mouth guards can tell us a lot, they can't yet tell us when to pull someone from the game. While researchers can design a mouth guard that can detect just about anything, analyzing and interpreting that data is another story. "We're not sure why a certain player can get hit with a certain impact in a certain direction and get a concussion while another player can be hit exactly the same way and not get a concussion," says Mihalik.

According to Gregory W. Stewart, co-director of the Sports Concussion Management Program at the Tulane School of Medicine, smart mouth guards are simply another tool in trying to help us understand what happens with impact brain injury. But there's still a lot we don't know about the other conditions that increase a player's vulnerability to head injuries.

Still, Stewart says the mouth guards can help give us a broader look at the game. "They can help us look at run plays, passing plays and certain positions that we need to pay special attention to in terms of head injuries."

Position-Specific Helmets

Stewart says that the mouth guards may also help build data around another tool for injury prevention. Researchers like himself are looking into position-specific helmets that could be produced with additional padding in areas where the player is most likely to sustain hits.

Some issues are harder to address than others. Special teams plays and kickoffs remain dangerous even after rule changes, meaning that finding alternatives to kickoffs and punts could go a long way in preventing injury. Players are also vulnerable to concussion when they sustain two hits close to one another. For example, when a player takes a hard hit and then hits his head on the ground within a few seconds. This, says Stewart, is harder to prevent with rule changes because getting tackled and going to the ground is embedded in the nature of the game itself.

It's not clear how big of an impact these smart mouth guards will make on the future of football. So far, the Tar Heels are wearing them, as are players at the University of Alabama, University of Wisconsin and the University of Washington. A number of NFL teams have been using them, too.

But currently, head injuries are still a constant specter plaguing the game. In all, 55 percent of concussions in college sports occur in football. That doesn't change the fact that college and NFL football are among the most popular sports in the U.S , even if that popularity has faded slightly in recent years. (In 2017, 57 percent of Americans identified as fans of professional football, compared to 67 percent in 2012.) That's why, says Stewart, "it's about modifying the game to protect the athletes without fundamentally changing the sport."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Smart" Mouth Guards Are Helping Scientists Study Head Trauma in Football Players

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
It's an increasingly common story in football: When experts examine the brains of former players, they find that many have a disorder called chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a type of brain degeneration caused by years of repeated head injuries and concussions.

# data[].attributes.body
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Incidence, Clinical Course, and Predictors of Prolonged Recovery Time Following Sport-Related Concussion in High School and College Athletes
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The Influence of Socioeconomic Status and Academic Standing on Concussion-Reporting Intentions and Behaviors in Collegiate Athletes.

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The Influence of Socioeconomic Status and Academic Standing on Concussion-Reporting Intentions and Behaviors in Collegiate Athletes.

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Differential Effect of Recurrent Concussions on Symptom Clusters in Sport Concussion Assessment Tool. RV

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Differential Effect of Recurrent Concussions on Symptom Clusters in Sport Concussion Assessment Tool. RV

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Concussion, microvascular injury, and early tauopathy in young athletes after impact head injury and an impact concussion mouse model

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The Natural History of Sport-Related Concussion in Collegiate Athletes: Findings from the NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium.

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The Natural History of Sport-Related Concussion in Collegiate Athletes: Findings from the NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium.

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Concussion History and Postconcussion Neurocognitive Performance and Symptoms in Collegiate Athletes.
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Concussions Can Occur in All Youth Sports.
-OP

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Log in below with your URI SSO (Single Sign-On) Credentials to access the e-resources from the URI libraries.

# data[].attributes.headline
The dangers of "no pain, no gain" mentality in college sports

# data[].attributes.subject
The dangers of "no pain, no gain" mentality in college sports

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Title: Concussions Can Occur in All Youth Sports

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Title: Concussions Can Occur in All Youth Sports

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College Football Falls Short on Concussion Prevention

# data[].attributes.subject
College Football Falls Short on Concussion Prevention

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-PP

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A recent study shows that almost three-quarters of concussions sustained by college football players occurred during practice, where coaches and trainers have the most ability to prevent injuries. Experts say college football programs need to change their ways to protect the brain health of college athletes.

Concussions are one of the most common injuries in football, and medical experts are increasingly concerned that repeated head traumas could lead to heightened risk of neurological conditions such as CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy) - a fatal brain disease. Concussions are sure to occur in football games, but the good news is, experts say head injuries are preventable during practice.

However, new research shows that even preventable concussions are a persistent problem: the vast majority of head traumas in college football - nearly three quarters - occur not at gametime, but in more controllable situations like training sessions. Amid growing recognition of brain injuries in contact sports, the finding fuels the ongoing debate about regulating safety in football training, with experts are asking : Why aren't college football stakeholders doing more, and following in the footsteps of both the NFL and high school programs to make safety guidelines for practice more stringent?

Among the 68 concussions that happened in the
study period, 72 percent took place
during practice, not at a game.

In the recent study published in JAMA Neurology, researchers analyzed college football players from a national research initiative, which is partly funded by the regulatory organization National Collegiate Athletic Association. The researchers tracked 658 players in six Division I NCAA football programs across five seasons by outfitting accelerometers on their helmets. The data revealed that over two thirds of head impact exposures - blows to the head that can lead to concussions - occurred in practice. Among the 68 concussions that happened in the study period, 72 percent took place during practice, not at a game.

like Chris Nowinski, co-founder and CEO of the Concussion Legacy Foundation, say these findings are no surprise - practice could indeed lead to more head injuries than games, as training sessions occur more frequently and involve a greater number of players. According to Nowinski, the recent study demonstrates that college football has failed to catch up with science, which has long shown that the majority of head injuries in football occur in practice.

"I was disappointed with the findings because it's not the first time that information is published," Nowinski told Being Patient. "We've known for almost 15 years that most concussions and head impacts in college football are caused in practice. Other levels of football have taken that information and reformed practice. But apparently and frustratingly, college football has not."

How Can College Football Programs Protect Players From Concussions?

Dr. Michael McCrea, an author of the study and a professor of neurosurgery at the Medical College of Wisconsin, said the findings show that reducing full-contact drills in practice could bring the greatest good - without changing football's gameplay - in minimizing players' exposure to head impacts and the risk of brain injury .

"By modifying practices and preseason training, football teams could greatly reduce the risk of injury and exposure for their players," McCrea said in a news release , "while still maintaining the competitive nature of game play."

In an editorial accompanying the study , Nowinski and fellow Concussion Legacy Foundation Founder Dr. Robert Cantu, who were not involved in the study, wrote that nearly 40 states have already limited full-contact practices in high school football.

In the NFL, the labor union NFL Players Association reached an agreement with the league in 2011 to place a limit of 14 full-contact practices in a regular season.

Even though the NCAA has advocated for change and issued recommendations, Nowinski and Cantu noted that "guidelines are not rules."

Meanwhile, NCAA President Mark Emmert said in a news release that the findings of the study will "provide new information for our members to modify rules while continuing education efforts for college athletes across the country."

However, it's whether college football will implement any major rules in the near future. The NCAA's rule-making process can be drawn out, and conferences that play within Division I college football wield major powers to set policies that can differ from one league to another.

Case in point: While head coaches in the Ivy League football conference decided in 2016 to ban full-contact practices during a regular season, Nowinski and Cantu wrote that no other conference has followed suit.

Reforms in training will require buy-in from all key stakeholders, ranging from policymakers and scientists to coaches and athletes, McCrea said - all of whom have the collective responsibility to decrease the risk of brain injuries in college football.

Contact Nicholas Chan at nicholas@beingpatient.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
College Football Falls Short on Concussion Prevention | Being Patient

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Concussions are one of the most common injuries in football, and medical experts are increasingly concerned that repeated head traumas could lead to heightened risk of neurological conditions such as CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy) - a fatal brain disease. Concussions are sure to occur in football games, but the good news is, experts say head injuries are preventable during practice.

# data[].attributes.headline
Professors Are Complicit in Football Players' Brain Damage. RV

# data[].attributes.subject
Professors Are Complicit in Football Players' Brain Damage. RV

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