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-Cortisol
-Epinephrine (commonly known as adrenaline)
These hormones are known as steroidal hormones.

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Cortisol: Helps control the use of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body. Regulates blood pressure and suppresses inflammation.

Epinephrine: Aids in glucose metabolism, maintains blood pressure, increases heart muscle

contractions to increase blood flow, and vasoconstriction (contractions of blood vessels).

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Manifestations associated with Hypo/Hypersecretion of the hormones

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Manifestations associated with Hypo/Hypersecretion of the hormones

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Cortisol:

Hyposecretion - Darkening of regions of the skin, weight loss, muscle weakness, Disorientation, fatigue

Hypersecretion - Weight gain, thinning arms and legs, high blood pressure, fatigue, easy bruising

Epinephrine:

Hyposecretion - Anxiety, depression, Not many known manifestations

Hypersecretion - High blood pressure, sweating, tremors, anxiety, rapid heart rate

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Adrenal gland insufficiency.

Occurs when underactive adrenal glands don’t produce enough hormone.

Affects both sexes. Approximately 4 in every 100,000 people have adrenal deficiency.

Some symptoms are: Weakness, Fatigue, Weight loss, Vomiting, Abdominal pain, Darkening of skin, Craving salty foods and muscle and joint pain.

To diagnosis it, the patient has to go through blood tests, and a CT/MRI if the test comes back insufficient. The Cortrosyn (ACTH) test [Laboratory] and Insulin tolerance test [Endocrinology outpatient department] are also given.

Treatment is replacing the insufficient hormones with fludrocortisone, Corticosteroids, and hydrocortisone. Patients should wear a medical alert bracelet because disease is life threatening.

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) and other components of the National Institutes of Health are conducting clinical research and trials in order to find a better way to treat the disease.

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Occurs when the patient is exposed to too much of the Adrenal gland and adrenal glucocorticoids, which is called cortisol.

Some symptoms include: Weight gain, Easy bruising, Thinning of skin, Weak bones, High blood pressure and sugar, Irritability, anxiety, and lack of menstrual cycle.

Cushing’s disease can also occur if steroid dosage is too high.

This disease is uncommon.

The diagnosis is examining 24-hour urine production, blood tests, and radiographic tests such as MRI or CT. Treatments include surgery, radiation therapy and use of drugs to reduce the production of cortisol.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) are getting NIH-supported scientists to conduct intensive research into the normal and abnormal function of the major endocrine glands and the many hormones of the endocrine system. Identification of the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), which instructs the pituitary gland to release ACTH, is one of their main focuses.

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Interrelationships with the hypothalamus, and pituitary gland:

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Interrelationships with the hypothalamus, and pituitary gland:

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Hypothalamus- The hypothalamus is involved with hormonal regulation, which helps aid the adrenal gland in producing the correct amount of epinephrine and cortisol

Pituitary gland-  The pituitary gland secretes the hormone “adrenocorticotropic” into the bloodstream which then stimulates the adrenal gland to start producing specific steroidal hormones such as cortisol and epinephrine. (Adrenaline) Which aids in fight or flight, stress-relieving, and pain/inflammation.

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https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16717-adrenal-disorders

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/adrenal-insufficiency-addisons-disease/clinical-trials

https://www.medicinenet.com/cushings_syndrome/article.htm#what_research_is_being_done_on_cushings_syndrome

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/adrenal-glands#:~:text=The%20hypothalamus%20produces%20corticotropin%2Dreleasing,cortisol%20hormones%20into%20the%20blood.

https://www.uclahealth.org/endocrine-center/adrenal

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Diagram of the Adrenal Gland on the body

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Diagram of the Adrenal Gland on the body

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