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Communism tries to run on the opposite lines of capitalism.
No private ownership - state owns everything, no one person gets the profits
Common ownership - all work and share in the outcome
No classes, so no one group can rule over another
State control of media and other ISA's like religion etc to avoid false consciousness - worked for a while, except it didn’t work because the top 1% became the state and owned the media anyway.
Marxism didn’t work.

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Ideas about the media
Althusser - two types of control
Repressive State Apparatuses - physical bodies which can dominate the people, i.e. police / military
Ideological state Apparatuses (ISA's) use ideology to try and dominate people, suble approach, i.e. media, education, religio n

Gramsci - hegemony, rulers own the media and thus use them to promote their ideologies. Repetition, absence, marginalisation of other views, change the views of the common.

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Capitalism in a simple graphic. (blackboard) Why don’t the bottom 90% rise up against the rich 10%? Because we are happy wi th our lot, and false consciousness (marx) A 1% payrise is enough of a carrot to keep us down. Controlled by the 10%
London riots - were about lack of opportunity, but were manipulated as being about racial tension and young people thieving. Rest of the pe ople thought I'm not racist or a thief so I'm not joining in - so it oppressed the uprising again (US didn’t have to riot, they voted Trump, despite the risks)

Capitalism encourages people to chase wealth and prosperity, and after tax they keep the profits, encouraging further economi c success. It breeds individuality, competitiveness, conspicuous consumption (as sign of success) and materialism. Greed is not seen as a vice, it promotes what they want.
Why a new car when the old one is perfectly fine? Because we are slaves to consumerism.
Proletariat outnumber the bourjoisie, but don’t overthrow them (they did in Russian Revolution) because they have elements of the superstructure such as media to brainwash people into seeing what is set up is right and natural.

Who controls what we learn in our history lessons? Government (manipulating our thoughts)
The media with other elements created this false consciousness, a fake view that the world is right and as it should be. Rea ssures the common and stops them thinking they should do something. They are unaware of the true nature of exploitation and the unfair system. Media, education, consumeri sm - this becomes the objective of any ruling class, to stay in power and preserve their privileged state.

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MARXISM - does it work, does it relate to now / modern times
Hegemony - The marxist theory of cultural hegemony, associated with Antonio Gramsci, is the idea that the ruling class can manipulate th e value system and mores of a society, so that their view becomes the world view.
The Matrix - red or blue pill, go back to your idealistic views of the world, or learn the truth and how you are being controlled by socie ty.

Marxism derived from Das Kapital - still in North Korea / Cuba as communist states. 1867 wrote this book.
Modern marxism is his ideas taken and expanded by others.
IS THIS THEORY STILL RELEVANT TO OUR PRACTICE TODAY
Marx believed - every society has an economic base. Central core and focus of society makes the rest of system tick. Economic base in the w est is capitalist, money, profit. It is not equal, it is kept by select few and not shared equally. Rich getting richer and poor getting poorer. Social inequali ty

Health lottery, gender inequality, private / NHS hospitals, privilege inequality, schooling / education private vs state.

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Why did Trump win the election? Brexit? Radical - against the "man" Work/employment
Success

Fear
Stopping terrorism - unsettled and scared, and also immigration
Who are worried? Minority, Ethnics, Gay people
What happens in foreign affairs
He is pro-military and pro economy, but slightly against foreign trade, bring it back in the borders
Repealing gay marriage which was passed.
Repealing womens rights. Did all the men vote for Trump to make sure a woman didn’t get in power? Bit of anti -feminism Anti-abortion, although not sure of his religious beliefs.
Transgender issues.
Healthcare - Obamacare which was affordable for all - gone.

Hilary potentially represented the top of society, politicians, bourgouesie
Voting for trump was an anti-vote. Hate politics. Non-political votes not to do with party politics, to do with unhappiness.
Lack of information and reality as voters living in a bubble and not in the real world. No idea from up there what is going on in the lower classes. We in UK are looking at it from outside, and cannot actually see what is going on below, we want to keep it there.

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Feminist approaches to the family.
Marxist feminism
Marx sees women oppression rooted in capitalism
Industry led to home and work with man work and women home and child rearing Insular nature of families hides domestic violence.
Domestic violence results from povery and exclusion the capitalist system creates Women cannot escape as it makes them dependent on men.

Radical feminism -
Collective action required to overthrow patriarchy.

Liberal feminism -
Women need to strive for equality of opportunity through anti -discriminatory legislation.
The roots of opression lie with the irrational prejudice, stereotyping and outdated attitudes and practices that lead to sex discrimination occurring in all spheres of life.

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The form that family takes in society is determined by the current mode of production.
In capitalist society, men have to have legitimate sons so that property passes down, monogamous, male 'head' of the family i s the result - all powerful and illegitimate children did not get inheritance. Women were baby factory. Women have a double day. He was quite feminist in his thoughts.
The monogamous family who stay together suppors capitalism by
Raising future workers for free through unpaid work of women in the home
Preparing children for their roles in the labour market - given options for GCSE's at 13/14 - encouraged to take a vocational qualification instead of gcse's. Unless they are predicted to have good GCSE's then they arent allowed. We imply that get a degree and be part of society. But we have academic unskilled workforce!!
Acting as the primary unit of consumption
Reflecting in itself patterns of inequality seen in wider society.

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Suggested by some that the non-traditional family are at the root of a number of social and economic problems. They will face social hardship, and economic duress. A single parent can be impacted because they have only one income, and have to reduce hours and are strapped for money, so likely will face some disadvantage through economic reasons, and not just because they are a single parent.
Both major political parties in the UK have, in recent years, empasised the benefits of marriage. Cunningham and Cunningham (2008 p.87) argue that 'there does indeed now seem to be a functionalist - influenced political consensus over the central role the 'traditional family' plays securing social order and stability.

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Functionalist theory - concerned with the functions that the family perform which contribute to the stability of society.
Murdoc (1949) the family performs 4 main functions - reproduction (to keep society going), sexual gratification (russian invaded germany and mass raped the women) (very sexist, if they don’t get what they want, will they run off with someone else), economic well -being, and education
Parsons (1951) family perform the functions of socialising children and stabilising adult personalities.

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Nuclear family - mum, dad (bigger), 2 kids. If he leaves all goes wrong.
Relevance to practice.
Practitioners work with families to support them and also act as agents of social control when they are required to intervene in the life of a family to protect vulnerable individuals. Kind of marxist term - agents of social control, teachers have powere over children, Government telling us what to do. Who is to say who / what is vulnerable One of the underlying assumptions of the Children Act 1989 and the NHS and community care act is that children or vlnerable a dults are best cared for in their family home. Sometimes though the family unit is very dangerous.

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Sociological imagination - looking at whats occurring and why
Poppy debate - WW1 soldiers were conscripted, or not informed choice. So yes we should be remembering the innocence, BUT now the poppy is b eing symbolised with 'new veterans' so we are associating with iraq, afghan, syria, where there is choice now. Iraq was an illegal war, but being reme mbered with the poppy. Is it to do with Brexit, are the media 'flag waving' the poppy - it is being blown out of proportion, i.e. presenters cannot go on TV without a poppy.

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Building blocks of sociology
Culture - the ways of thinking, acting and the material objects that together form a peoples way of life. Symbols
Values
Beliefs
Languate
Norms and Mores (Norms based on morals, more-ays)

Socialization - institutions - family, school, peer, mass media influencing the small child sticking his middle finger up. Bad class of angry children We hand out children to the education system to instil values.

Social stratification - A system by which a society ranks and categorises people in a hierarchy. Groups at different spots in the hierarchy have different experiences and outcomes.
- capitalistic model - pyramid of the capitalist system -
Class - upper, middle, working, lower, Under lower

Race - whites, minorities Gender - men, women

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Society is like a test tube, but it looks at the bigger picture and things that are not so obvious. Why are people homeless, why are the hospitals full. Logans run film, how society should have worked.
Patterns and Institutions discrimination, fashion, internet use, sexual behaviour (pattern)
Education system, a religion, family, economy (institution)

Groups
Races, ethnicities, classes, religious groups, subcultures - single mothers in london College students who are full time workers.

Religious institutions used to have a huge bearing on our parents lives, and not so much now, i.e. holiday season and not christmas. They do not dictate our morals anymore, i.e. gay marriage.
Church then follows fashion by saying they support it.

Changing values and norms its dynamic and fluent, slavery / same sex marriage / holocaust would not be tolerated nowadays.

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Brain drain - in failing schools, the first to take their children out of school are the professional ones, likely with bright children, so the league tables drop as the brighter children leave.
Social conflict - some groups in society can take advantage of the new technology whilst others cannot. Is it ostracising certain people from the rest of society, or can we train them to use it

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Society is always on a balance. If something gives on one way, we reach a tipping point and society collapses. Ie syria. If we are aware, something gives and society rebalances.
UK heading a little in that direction due to brexit and attitudes changing.

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Rogers Core Conditions for therapise... and other workers
Congruence - clown is incongruent because you cant read their face / emotions, no idea what is going on behind their makeup. We naturally match the mood. Incongruence is getting it wrong like laughing at a funeral. We have to be truthful to them (congruent)
Unconditional positive regard (regardless of what they throw at us, we stay polite and say the right things, find a way to pr aise her)
Empathy - we don’t always know what it is like to be in their shoes. Small things, such as "I can imagine how much pain you are in" "T hat must have been very difficult"

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Learned helplessness Seligman (1975) we can be conditioned into 'Learned Helplessness'

Maslows hierarchy of need. Physiological Safety
Love / Belonging Esteem Self-actualization

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Nurture - Behaviourism, Watson, Skinner, Pavlov. Peoples behaviour is completely controlled by environment and prior learning

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MILGRAM: How far will you go if an authority figure tells you / permits you to do it.

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Conformity in the workplace - triangles vs. circles
12 staff at Winterbourne view arrested for torture. At time of employment they would not have thought of torturing or hurtin g people.
We are all circles, working in small groups. In the group you get all circles (good people) shift works well, its nice, pati ents looked after. This is how work should be.
Good circle, bad triangle, square nurse in charge.
Winterbourne - someone left, and new employee Wayne was a triangle - shouldn’t have been near vulnerable people. Kept his cap on, had exerted his power and authority. He is working on shift, triangle with mostly circles, who are getting through it. Repeatedly on shift, and some people then thought 'when he is at work it is safer' because he was beating them and ruling by fear. 'Staff is safe' when Wayne works, things might happen, but its safe. Actually I like w orking with him, I'm going to follow his behaviour. And another circle changes to a triangle, and the power in the group shifts immediately. Circles would leave or become a tri angle. Circles went to CQC and nothing happened. One circle leaves, new staff is shapeless, two circles, two triangles, and the shapeless new person is conformable . Circles too quiet, boring, triangles get on with it, conforms into a triangle. .
Happens in classrooms, staff rooms

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Humanistic and social
People are basically good - if they are bad, its because we have shaped them bad and things that have happened. People are inherently born good Humans are natually active and enquiring
Humans are motivated to self-actualise -
The uniqueness of each individual

Social psychology and confirmity
Studies by Zimbardo. Stanford prison experiment Broken window theory

Conformity

Two cars parked in place, one posh, one common. Parked at same time of day, in daylight by a man, with doors open, man walke d away. Watched constantly by experiment author. Nothing in 1st hour. Mother and child walked past several times, child opened door and they stole stereo. (poor ar ea) nobody touched posh one
Then the sterring wheel was stolen and removeable items in the car, running off and leaving door open. Wheels next. Jacked up. Within 8 hours dumping ground, kids playing on car, then homeless slept in it, used as toilet, next day completely destroyed.

Posh - nothing happened within 3 hours. Walked straight past. Experimentor waited until lots of people, took sledgehammer to winds creen, and walked away. Then someone tried the door, opened, took stereo, wheels, became a playground. Exactly the same.
It just needed someone to start it to give them legitimacy and permission to do it - not the first one to do it. Can apply to work in group dynamics.
"Everybody else is doing it" "I'm not the first, so it doesn’t matter" In workplace, if someone cuts a corner and gets awa y with it, gives us legitimacy to do so too, and then someone else follows us.

Group dynamic social theory.

If people have peremission to do something they will do it, no matter good or bad.
Dilapidated area of bronx, tramps, broken window. I can solve this through simple psychosocial model
Tenants moved out for 1 month, fixed everything, added play area. New carpets, smell nice. They are scum they will come bac k and trash it - waste of time. But they came back, had pride in it, and looked after it, as well as having monitoring and patrols to make sure it was kept nice. Then nex t doors started to improve and keep up with them.
Massive profound effect - people WANT to conform to these social aspiration.

If you get the environment right, people will respect it.

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Nurture -social learning theory
Banduras social learning theory 1961 states that aggression is learnt from the environment through observation and imitation. experiment.
"Children see, children do" You can substitute aggression in the above for any action.

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If we don’t bombard the brain with what it needs at the critical time it is open, will that depend on how well it picks up th at thing.
A baby smiles and coos, we do it back, baby speak, its an innate way that starts electrical impulses working in their brains to build bridges ready to learn language.

If it isnt done, it is deprivation and the brain can shrivel, wither and die.

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You are born with GENOTYPE
How it is realised is the PHENOTYPE

Genetic inheritance + environmental interaction = development and behaviour.

Genie experiment - nature vs nature. Clip on youtube / BB

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Nature pre determined characteristics - eye, hair, height
Nurture -
Fear of spiders? Nature or nurture - we learn a reaction, so is it nurture? Could be nature, spiders are poisonous, so are we hard wired to be scared of them? In australia it’s a good idea to be scared and stay away.

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Tabula Rasa - John Locke (1664) the mind begins as a blank slate. You turn out how you are taught - whatever happens or is thrown at you is what you become.

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Darwin 1871 - human evolution and sexual selection 'The Descent of Man' Lots of things genetic and inherent to enable us to survive. Survi val of the fittest.

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Debated for years - Plate 320BC and Descartes 1644 suggested that certain things are inborn, or that they simply occur naturally regardless of en vironmental influences. It is innate / imprinting - we may not be born with them, but they are ready to be released at a certain time. It may take some nurture to release them.
We are born with capacity to develop and respond emotionally, but have to learn it or be taught it.
Brain opens up for a period to learn a skill - if it doesn’t learn it at the right time it closes off again (critical periods)

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Attachemnt is learned behaviours and is not innate - initial attachment to whoever feeds it. Interactive mums were more intensely attached to the baby. Infant produces innate social releaser behaviouts i.e. crying and smiling - stimulate innate carefiving response from adult.
Born with an innate sense of survival. Fight or flight. All species want to survive.

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Mary Ainsworth (1970's) strange situation study

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Mary Ainsworth (1970's) strange situation study

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Secure attachment -
Ambivalent attachment - extremes from one to another - really wanting need or really rejecting need Avoidant attachment - do they avoid it completely, closed off.

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Schaffer and Emerson (1964) longitudinal study for first 18 months of life

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Schaffer and Emerson (1964) longitudinal study for first 18 months of life

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Asocial - 0-6 weeks favourable reaction for most things and people
Indiscriminate Attachments( 6weeks to 7 months) from 3 months they smile more at familiar faces. Respond equally to caregivers, upset when attention stops
Specific attachment (7-9 months) Special preference for a single attachment figure, seperation anxiety
Multiple Attachments (10 months and onwards) by 18 months most have formed multiple attachments. Formed with those who respond accurately to the baby signals, not the person they spend more time with. Sensitive responsiveness.

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(juvenile delinquents - had their mother ever disappeared from their lives)
Maternal deprivation theory.
Affectionless psychopaths - more than half of the delinquents due to seperation of more than 6 months in the first 5 years.

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Wire mother vs cloth mother - not necessarily that one who feeds them.

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Bowlby (1969)Attachment - specific behaviours in children, seeking attachment figure when threatened or upset - want a hugDeep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space - Ainsworth 1973, Bowlby 1969 "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings"

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Bowlby (1969)Attachment - specific behaviours in children, seeking attachment figure when threatened or upset - want a hugDeep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space - Ainsworth 1973, Bowlby 1969 "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings"

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Implications for maternity practice Implications for social work

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Innate = already there / pre-programmed
Noem Chomsky
Jeannie - deprived child, born to parents with possible LD in america in 60s. Locked her in basement for her entire existence. No human interaction, discovered by police and branded as wild child as no interaction with human beings for 10-12 years, couldn’t walk. Couldn’t teach her language - ?missed that part of childhood where the brain discovers and learns language. Language Acquisition Device.
Innate Imprinting - it wasn’t learned at the time the brain wanted it innately, so it closed off to it forever

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one of his more mainstream theories.
Image of mother fulfilling infant need believed to leave a lasting impression (imprinting) on infant brain, becomes the baseof which thei nfant forms, perceives and reacts to other relationships. (First 12-24 hours)