# data[].attributes.headline
Phenotyping and Genotyping Characteristics of Shigella Sonnei

# data[].attributes.subject
Phenotyping and Genotyping Characteristics of Shigella Sonnei

# data[].attributes.body
| The study was performed to assess the effect of unique human energy treatment on phenotyping & genotyping characteristics of S. Sonnei. Get to know more, from the given link.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
16svedberg unit ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid

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national center for biotechnology information

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Biotechnology & Biomaterials Evaluation of Phenotyping and Genotyping Characteristic of Shigella sonnei after Biofield Treatment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei) is a non-motile, rod shape, clinically significant, Gram-negative bacterium. It is commonly associated with dysentery (shigellosis). Recently, resistance to third and fourth generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones has been reported in S. sonnei. In the present study, we assessed the effect of biofield treatment on phenotyping and genotyping characteristic of S.

# data[].attributes.body
| In the present study, it is observed that there is an alteration in the biotype number of treated sample of S. sonnei as compare to untreated sample. To know more follow the link.

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Volume 5 * Issue 3 * 1000196

ISSN: 2155-952X JBTBM, an open access journal

Research ArticleOpen Access

Biotechnology & Biomaterials

Trivedi et al., J Biotechnol Biomater 2015, 5:3

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-952X.1000196

*Corresponding author:Snehasis Jana, Trivedi Science Research Laboratory

Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd.,

Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India, Tel: +91-755-6660006; E-mail:

Received August 05, 2015; Accepted August 25, 2015; Published September

of Phenotyping and Genotyping Characteristic of Shigella sonnei after Bioeld

Treatment. J Biotechnol Biomater 5: 196. doi:10.4172/2155-952X.1000196

under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits

unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the

original author and source are credited.

Evaluation of Phenotyping and Genotyping Characteristic of

1Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India

Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei) is a non-motile, rod shape, clinically signicant, Gram-negative bacterium. It is

commonly associated with dysentery (shigellosis). Recently, resistance to third and fourth generation cephalosporins

on phenotyping and genotyping characteristic of S. sonnei (ATCC 9290). The lyophilized samples of S. sonnei were

divided in three groups (G): G-I (control, revived), G-II (treatment, revived), and G-III (treatment, lyophilized). All

these groups (control and bioeld treated) were analyzed against antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions,

and biotype number. The 16S rDNA sequencing was carried out to establish the phylogenetic relationship of

S. sonnei with different bacterial species. The treated cells of S. sonnei exhibited an alteration of 3.33%, 10%,

and 23.33% of total 30 tested antimicrobials in susceptibility assay for G-II on day 5 and 10 and G-III on day 10,

respectively as compared to control. The treated cells of S. sonnei showed a signicant change of about 12.12%,

12.12%, and 57.58% biochemical reactions out of 33 tests in treated groups of G-II on day 5 and 10 and G-III on

day 10, respectively. The biotype number was also changed in treated samples of S. sonnei. Based on nucleotide

homology sequences and phylogenetic analysis, the nearest homolog species of S. sonnei (GenBank Accession

Number: EU009190) was identied as Shigella exneri (EF643608). These results revealed that bioeld treatment

can prevent the absolute resistance in microbe against the existing antimicrobials.

Keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility; Bioeld treatment; 16S

rDNA gene sequencing; Shigella sonnei

Abbreviations: MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; ATCC:

American Type Culture Collection; NBPC30: Negative Breakpoint

Combo 30; NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology Information;

WHO: World Health Organization; 16S rDNA: 16Svedberg Unit

Ribosomal Deoxyribonucleic Acid; BLAST: Basic Local Alignment

Search Tool; Outs: Operational Taxonomic Units

Development of antimicrobial resistance in several microbes like

bacteria, viruses, fungi, or in parasites has been reported globally in

the recent few decades. Frequent and improper use of antimicrobial

further accelerated the incidence of microbial resistance [1]. Shigella

Gram-negative and lactose-fermenting bacterium. S. sonnei  is

associated with gastrointestinal tract (GIT) infection disease shigellosis

in both developed and developing countries, where the sanitation is

insucient [2,3]. S. sonnei is usually transmitted by fecal-oral route,

direct interpersonal contact, contaminated food, water, or uncooked

food. Shigella infection is the third most common gastroenteritis aer

Salmonella and Campylobacter infection in the USA. Recently, S.

sonnei has become the most prevalent species in the developed world. It

is estimated to cause 80-165 million cases of disease and 600,000 deaths

annually, worldwide [4]. e S. sonnei has been acquired resistant

to commonly used antimicrobials like streptomycin, tetracycline,

sulfonamide, trimethoprim, and ampicillin. Emergence of extended-

spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in S. sonnei was also detected in Korea

[2,5]. erefore the multidrug therapy required to treat the infection

cause by resistant strain of microbes. However, multiple drug therapy

shows serious toxicity and associated adverse eects like neurotoxicity

and nephrotoxicity [6]. Due to associated side eects and failure of

drug therapy, an alternate treatment approach is required. Recently, an

alternate treatment known as bioeld energy is reported that inhibits

the growth of bacterial cultures [7]. Bioeld is an electromagnetic

eld that permeates and surrounds living organisms and referred as

biologically produced electromagnetic and subtle energy eld that

provides regulatory and communication functions within the human

organism [8]. Various internal physiological processes such as blood

ow, brain and heart function etc. generates bioeld. Researchers have

attempted dierent biologic studies and eects of bioeld on various

biomolecules such as proteins, antibiotics [9], conformational change

in DNA [10] etc. us, human has the ability to harness the energy

from environment or universe and can transmit into any living or

nonliving object(s) around the Globe. e objects always receive the

energy and responding into useful way that is called bioeld energy

and the process is known as bioeld treatment [11]. Mr. Mahendra

Trivedi's bioeld treatment (e Trivedi Eect®) has renowned to alter

the various physicochemical characteristics of metals and ceramics

[11-17]. Quality and quantity of several agriculture products have

been improved by several folds in the bioeld treated plants [18-20]

and growth and adaptation of the plant were also enhanced with the

help of bioeld treatment [21,22]. In addition, the bioeld treatment

has considerably altered the phenotype and biotype of the microbe and

subsequently, the susceptibility to antimicrobials was also changed [23-

Citation: Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana S (2015) Evaluation of Phenotyping and Genotyping Characteristic of Shigella sonnei after

Bioeld Treatment. J Biotechnol Biomater 5: 196. doi:10.4172/2155-952X.1000196

Volume 5 * Issue 3 * 1000196

ISSN: 2155-952X JBTBM, an open access journal

Based on the knowledge of existing literatures and considering

the clinical signicance of S. sonnei, we evaluated to see the impact

of bioeld treatment on antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical

reactions pattern, biotype number, and 16S rDNA gene sequencing of

Two lyophilized vials of S. sonnei [American Type Culture

Collection (ATCC) 9290] were purchased from MicroBioLogics, Inc.,

USA. e microbial sample vials were stored as per the suggested

storage conditions till further use. e antimicrobial susceptibility study,

biochemical reactions pattern, and biotype number were evaluated by

MicroScan Walk-Away® (Dade Behring Inc., West Sacramento, CA)

through Negative Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC30) panel. e 16S

rDNA sequencing was performed using Ultrapure Genomic DNA Prep

Kit (Cat KT 83, Bangalore Genei, India).

e lyophilized strain of S. sonnei were divided into three groups

(G) like G-I (control), G-II (treatment, revived), and G-III (treatment,

lyophilized). G-I consider as control. No treatment was given. e

treatment groups (II and III) were in sealed pack and handed over to Mr.

Trivedi for bioeld treatment under laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi

provided the treatment through his energy transmission process to

the treated groups without touching the samples. Subsequently, group

G-I and G-II were assessed on day 5 and 10; and G-III was assessed

on day 10. Aer that, all groups were evaluated for an antimicrobial

susceptibility, biochemical reactions pattern, and biotype number [25].

e 16S rDNA gene sequencing of S. sonnei was also carried out.

Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility of S. sonnei

e antimicrobial susceptibility of S. sonnei was evaluated with the

help of automated instrument, MicroScan Walk-Away® using Negative

Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC30) panel as per the manufactures

instructions [26]. e minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

and a qualitative susceptibility like resistant (R), intermediate

(I), and susceptible (S) were determined by analyzing the lowest

antimicrobial concentration showing microbial growth inhibition [25].

e antimicrobial sensitivity study was carried out using following

30 antimicrobials such as amikacin, amoxicillin/K-clavulanate

acid, ampicillin/sulbactam, ampicillin, aztreonam, cefazolin,

cefepime, cefotaxime, cefotetan, cefoxitin, ceazidime, ceriaxone,

cefuroxime, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, ciprooxacin, gatioxacin

, gentamicin, imipenem, levooxacin, meropenem, moxioxacin,

nitrofurantoin, noroxacin, piperacillin, tazobactam, tetracycline,

ticarcillin, tobramycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. All these

antimicrobials were procured from Sigma-Aldrich.

e biochemical reactions of S. sonnei were carried out using

MicroScan Walk-Away® system where, interpretation of biochemical

reactions for microbial identication of Gram-negative organisms

resulted in high accuracy [27,28]. e biochemical reactions patterns

of control and treated samples of S. sonnei were performed using the

following 33 biochemicals such as acetamide, adonitol, arabinose,

arginine, cetrimide, cephalothin, citrate, colistin, esculin hydrolysis,

nitrofurantoin, glucose, hydrogen sulde, indole, inositol, kanamycin,

lysine, malonate, melibiose, nitrate, oxidation-fermentation,

galactosidase, ornithine, oxidase, penicillin, ranose, rhamnose,

sorbitol, sucrose, tartrate, tryptophan deaminase, tobramycin, urea,

and Voges-Proskauer. All these biochemicals were procured from

e biotype number of S. sonnei was found out utilizing the

MicroScan Walk-Away® processed panel data report, using biochemical

using genomic purication Kit, as per the manufacturer's instructions.

Subsequently, the 16S rDNA gene (~1.5 kb) was amplied using

universal forward primer 5'-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGC-3' and universal

reverse primer 5'-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3'. Subsequently,

the amplied products were resolved by gel electrophoresis on 1.0%

agarose gel, stained with ethidium bromide, and then visualized under

UV light in a gel documentation unit (BioRad Laboratories, USA). e

PCR amplied fragment was puried from the agarose gel utilizing

a DNA Gel Extraction Kit. e amplied product was sequenced

on commercial basis from Bangalore Genei, India. e received 16S

rDNA sequences data were aligned and compared with the sequences

stored in Gene Bank database of National Center for Biotechnology

Information (NCBI) using the algorithm BLASTn program. Finally,

the multiple sequence alignment/phylogenetic tree was constructed

with help of MEGA 3.1 soware utilizing neighbor joining method

Antimicrobial susceptibility assay

e antimicrobial sensitivity data were reported in Table 1 and

2. e result showed that the bioeld treated S. sonnei exhibited a

signicant alteration in susceptibility assay of about 3.33% (G-II

on day 5), 10% (G-II on day 10), and 23.33% (G-III on day 10) of

total tested antimicrobials. e antimicrobials ampicillin, aztreonam,

cefotaxime, ceazidime, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline were

converted from R → S; simultaneously more than 2 folds decreases

in MIC values in lyophilized treated group G-III; cefotaxime showed

a decrease in susceptibility from R → I in G-II on day 10. Besides,

amoxicillin/K-clavulanate and ampicillin/sulbactam were converted

from S → R in G-II and cefepime converted from I → S in G-III on

Identication of S. sonnei by biochemical reactions

e results of biochemical reactions of S. sonnei are presented in

Table 3, which represent a signicant alteration in biochemical reactions

of about 12.12% (G-II on day 5 and 10), and 57.58% (G-III on day 10)

of total tested biochemicals as compared to control. e biochemicals

such as adonitol, cephalothin, citrate, colistin, esculin hydrolysis,

hydrogen sulde, kanamycin, lysine, malonate, melibiose, ranose,

sorbitol, sucrose, tobramycin, urea, and Voges-Proskauer were changed

from positive (control) → negative reactions (treated) in G-III microbes.

Additionally, arginine was converted from positive to negative reaction

in entire treated groups. Nitrofurantoin was converted from positive to

negative in G-II on day 5 and G-III on day 10 (Table 3). Tartrate was

converted from positive to negative reaction in both G-II and G-III on

day 10; and inositol and tryptophan deaminase were converted from

negative to positive reaction in G-II on both days (Table 3). All the data

were compared as compared to control.

Citation: Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana S (2015) Evaluation of Phenotyping and Genotyping Characteristic of Shigella sonnei after

Bioeld Treatment. J Biotechnol Biomater 5: 196. doi:10.4172/2155-952X.1000196

Volume 5 * Issue 3 * 1000196

ISSN: 2155-952X JBTBM, an open access journal

As evidenced from Table 6, the lowest value of genetic distance

from S. sonnei was 0.002 base substitutions per site. e nearest

homolog genus-species of S. sonnei (Genbank accession number:

EU009190) was determined by analyzing the 16S rDNA sequencing

and phylogenetic tree, and found to be Shigella exneri (Genbank

Eect of bioeld treatment on biotype number

Biotype number of S. sonnie was determined on MicroScan Walk-

Away® processed panel. e result was demonstrated an alteration in

biotype number of S. sonnie in the entire treated groups G-II and G-III

(Table 4). However, the species (S. sonnei) was remained unchanged in

the entire treated group.

e 16S rDNA sequence was determined in S. sonnei and shown

in Figure 1. e alignment and comparison of the gene sequences

were performed with the sequences stored in Gene Bank data base

available from NCBI using the algorithm BLASTn program. As

evidenced from nucleotides homology and phylogenetic analysis the

with 99% identity of gene sequencing data. Ten bacterial species and

S. sonnei were considered as Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs)

to facilitate the investigation of phylogenetic relationship of S. sonnei

among other related species. Total 1500 base nucleotide of 16S rDNA

gene sequences were compared by multiple alignments with the help

of ClustalW in MEGA3.1 [30], and the data are shown in Table 5.

26Piperacillin/tazobactamS S S S

28Ticarcillin/k-clavulanateS S S S

pattern of selected antimicrobials

G, stands for group; The control group G-I and G-II were accessed on day 5 and

10; and G-III was accessed on day 10, after the bioeld treatment; I, intermediate;

S, susceptible; R, resistant.

1Amikacin>32 >32 >32 >32

14Cephalothin16 16 16 16

22 Moxioxacin≤2 ≤2 ≤2 ≤2

26 Piperacillin/tazobactam≤16 ≤16 ≤16 ≤16

28 Ticarcillin/k-clavulanate≤16 ≤16 ≤16 ≤16

sulfamethoxazole ≤2/38 ≤2/38 ≤2/38 ≤2/38

G, stands for group; MIC data is presented in µg/mL

concentration (MIC) of selected antimicrobials.

Figure 1: Phylogenetic tree of the partial 16S rDNA gene sequencing using

MEGA 3.1 software by Neighbor joining method.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Evaluation of Phenotyping and Genotyping Characteristic of Shigella sonnei after Biofield Treatment - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei) is a non-motile, rod shape, clinically significant, Gram-negative bacterium. It is commonly associated with dysentery (shigellosis). Recently, resistance to third and fourth generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones has been reported in S. sonnei. In the present study, we assessed the effect of biofield treatment on phenotyping and genotyping characteristic of S.

# data[].attributes.headline
S. Sonnei - Alteration in Antimicrobial Sensitivity

# data[].attributes.subject
S. Sonnei - Alteration in Antimicrobial Sensitivity

# data[].attributes.body
| After the Human energy treatment, the result shows that biofield treatment can alter the sensitivity of antimicrobials against S. sonnei. Follow the link to know more about it.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
shigella sonnei improved sensitivity profile

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Evaluation of Phenotyping and Genotyping Characteristic of Shigella sonnei after Biofield Treatment" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei) is a non-motile, rod shape, clinically significant, Gram-negative bacterium. It is commonly associated with dysentery (shigellosis). Recently, resistance to third and fourth generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones has been reported in S. sonnei. In the present study, we assessed the effect of biofield treatment on phenotyping and genotyping characteristic of S.

# data[].attributes.headline
Evaluation of S. Sonnei Antimicrobial Susceptibility

# data[].attributes.subject
Evaluation of S. Sonnei Antimicrobial Susceptibility

# data[].attributes.body
| In the research, the treated cells of S. sonnei showed a significant change of about 12.12%, 12.12%, and 57.58% in biochemical reactions in treated groups w.r.t untreated .

# data[].attributes.headline
Genotyping Characteristic of Shigella Sonnei

# data[].attributes.subject
Genotyping Characteristic of Shigella Sonnei

# data[].attributes.body
| The main aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on the genotyping characteristic of Shigella Sonnei. Visit the link for further details.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Evaluation of Phenotyping and Genotyping Characteristic of Shigella sonnei after Biofield Treatment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei) is a non-motile, rod shape, clinically significant, Gram-negative bacterium. It is commonly associated with dysentery (shigellosis). Recently, resistance to third and fourth generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones

# data[].attributes.headline
Biofield Treatment: Phenotyping Characteristics of Shigella Sonnei

# data[].attributes.subject
Biofield Treatment: Phenotyping Characteristics of Shigella Sonnei

# data[].attributes.body
| In the present study, the effect of biofield treatment on phenotyping and genotyping characteristic of S. sonnei (ATCC 9290) observed. Follow the link for more details.

# data[].attributes.headline
Evaluation of Characteristics of Myristic acid

# data[].attributes.subject
Evaluation of Characteristics of Myristic acid

# data[].attributes.body
| The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on the physical, spectroscopic and thermal characterization of myristic acid by using different techniques.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Peer Evaluation : Physical, Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization of Biofield treated Myristic acid

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Abstract : Myristic acid has been extensively used for fabrication of phase change materials for thermal energy storage applications. The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of myristic acid. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated).

# data[].attributes.headline
Myristic acid- Spiritual Energy Treatment

# data[].attributes.subject
Myristic acid- Spiritual Energy Treatment

# data[].attributes.body
| In this experiment, the control and treated samples of myristic acid were characterized by using XRD, DSC, TGA, FT-IR, and particle size analysis method and evaluated for the changes in physical, spectroscopic and thermal properties.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical, Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization of Biofield treated Myristic acid

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Myristic acid has been extensively used for fabrication of phase change materials for thermal energy storage applications. The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of myristic acid. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated).

# data[].attributes.body
| The results of myristic acid' DSC analysis shows the alteration in melting temperature of the unique human energy treated sample as compared to control.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Rakesh K. Mishra and Snehasis Jana*

DOI: 10.4172/2090-4541.1000180 ISSN: 2090-4541
Citation
Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G (2015) Physical, Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization of Biofield treated Myristic acid. J Fundam Renewable Energy Appl 5:180. doi:10.4172/20904541.1000180
Abstract
Myristic acid has been extensively used for fabrication of phase change materials for thermal energy storage applications. The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of myristic acid. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated). The control group remained as untreated, and biofield treatment was given to treated group. The control and treated myristic acid were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and Laser particle size analyzer. XRD results revealed alteration in intensity of peaks as well as significant increase in crystallite size (27.07%) of treated myristic acid with respect to control. DSC study showed increase in melting temperature of treated myristic acid as compared to control. Nevertheless, significant change (10.16%) in latent heat of fusion (∆H) was observed in treated myristic acid with respect to control. TGA analysis of treated myristic acid showed less weight loss (31.33%) as compared to control sample (60.49%). This may be due to increase in thermal stability of treated myristic acid in comparison with control. FT-IR results showed increase in frequency of -CH ₂ and C=O stretching vibrations, probably associated with enhanced bond strength and force constant of the respective bonds. The particle size analyzer showed significant decrease in average particle size (d ₅₀ and d ₉₉) of treated myristic acid with respect to control. Overall, the results showed significant alteration in physical, spectroscopic and thermal properties of myristic acid. The enhanced crystallite size, and thermal stability of treated myristic acid showed that treated myristic acid could be used as phase change material for thermal energy storage applications. .

Keywords: Myristic acid; Phase change materials; X-ray diffraction;Thermal stability; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Particle size analysis

Abbreviation: XRD: X-ray diffraction; DSC: Differential scanning calorimetry; TGA: Thermogravimetric analysis; DTA: Differential thermal analysis; DTG: Derivative thermogravimetry; FT-IR: Fourier transform infrared; PCMs: Phase change materials
Introduction
Nowadays, the energy consumption and production has considered as an interesting topic and debatable among researchers. The demand for generation of newer energy sources are increasing steadily day by day. This calls for design and development of novel energy saving devices in order to reduce the consumption of energy [1]. The enormous increase in production of greenhouse gases in atmosphere and elevation in cost of fossil fuel have caused researchers to develop more efficient thermal energy storage devices. Thermal energy storage has grabbed significant attention worldwide for energy conservation from the available sources of heat [2,3]. Phase change materials (PCM) are known as substance with high latent heat of fusion, which are capable of storing and releasing large amount of energy whenever required. Phase change materials (PCMs) are smart devices that can be utilized for thermal energy storage. Moreover, form stable phase change PCMs are especially interesting due to high latent heat, shape stable and it can be directly used without encapsulation methods [4]. The materials used for fabricating the form stable solid-liquid PCMs are organic compounds such as paraffin [5], fatty acids [6], fatty alcohol [7,8], polyethylene glycol and their mixtures [9,10].

Fatty acids are commonly obtained from natural resources such as vegetable and animal oil products. These compounds have wide applicability in cosmetics, washing, environmental clean-up, encapsulation and drug delivery [11]. Additionally, fatty acids possess excellent properties such as high phase change enthalpy and tunable phase change nature [12]. Myristic acid has recently showed great potential as solid-liquid PCMs for thermal energy storage applications [13,14]. Hence, by considering the phase change property of myristic acid, authors decided to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on its physical, spectroscopic and thermal properties which can be further utilized for thermal storage applications.

Fritz, has first proposed the law of mass-energy interconversion and after that Einstein derived the well-known equation E=mc ² for light and mass [15,16]. Though, conversion of mass into energy is fully validated, but the inverse of this relation, i.e. energy into mass is not yet verified scientifically. Additionally, it was stated that energy exist in various forms such as kinetic, potential, electrical, magnetic, nuclear etc. which have been generated from different sources. Similarly, neurons which are present in human brain have the ability to transmit the information in the form of electrical signals [17-20]. Thus, human beings have the ability to harness the energy from environment/Universe and can transmit into any object (living or non-living) around the Globe. The object(s) always receive the energy and respond into a useful manner that is called biofield energy. This whole process is known as biofield treatment. Mr. Trivedi is known to transform the characteristics of various living and nonliving things. The biofield treatment has altered the physical and thermal properties in metals [21-24], improved the growth and production of agriculture crops [25-28] and significantly altered the phenotypic characteristics of various pathogenic microbes [29-31]. Additionally, biofield treatment has substantially altered the medicinal, growth and anatomical properties of ashwagandha [32].

By conceiving above mentioned excellent outcome from biofield treatment and phase change property of myristic acid, this work was undertaken to investigate the impact of biofield on physical, spectroscopic and thermal properties of myristic acid.
Materials and Methods
Myristic acid was procured from Sisco Research Laboratories (SRL), India. The sample was divided into two parts; one was kept as a control sample, while the other was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment and coded as treated sample (T). The treatment group (T) was in sealed pack and handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission process to the treated group without touching the sample. The control and treated samples were characterized by XRD, DSC, TGA, FT-IR, and particle size analysis
Characterization X-ray diffraction (XRD) study
XRD analysis of control and treated myristic acid was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The radiation of wavelength used by the XRD system was 1.54056 Å. The data obtained from this XRD were in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a detailed table containing peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width (θ°), relative intensity (%) etc. The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

G = kλ/(bCosθ)

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation used, b is full width half maximum (FWHM) of peaks and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). Percentage change in crystallite size was calculated using following formula:

Percentage change in crystallite size = [(G t-G c)/G c] ×100

Where, G c and G t are crystallite size of control and treated powder samples respectively.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study
DSC was used to investigate the melting temperature and latent heat of fusion (∆H) of samples. The control and treated myristic acid samples were analyzed by using a Pyris-6 Perkin Elmer DSC on a heating rate of 10ºC/min under air atmosphere and air was flushed at a flow rate of 5 mL/min.

Percentage change in latent heat of fusion was calculated using following equations:

Where, ΔH Control and ΔH Treated are the latent heat of fusion of control and treated samples, respectively
Thermogravimetric analysis-differential thermal analysis(TGA-DTA)
Thermal stability of control and treated Myristic acid were analyzed by using Mettler Toledo simultaneous TGA and Differential thermal analyzer (DTA). The samples were heated from room temperature to 400ºC with a heating rate of 5ºC/min under air atmosphere.
FT-IR spectroscopy
FT-IR spectra were recorded on Shimadzu's Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Japan) with frequency range of 4000-500 cm⁻¹. The treated sample was divided in two parts T1 and T2 for FT-IR analysis.
Particle size analysis
The average particle size and particle size distribution were analyzed by using Sympetac Helos-BF laser particle size analyzer with a detection range of 0.1 micrometer to 875 µm. Average particle size d ₅₀ and d ₉₉ (size exhibited by 99% of powder particles) were computed from laser diffraction data table. The d ₅₀ and d ₉₉ values were calculated by the following formula:

Percentage change in d ₅₀ size = 100 × (d ₅₀ treated- d ₅₀ control)/ d ₅₀ control

Percentage Change in d ₉₉ size = 100× (d ₉₉ treated- d ₉₉ control)/ d ₉₉ control
Results and Discussion XRD study
XRD diffractogram of myristic acid (control and treated) are shown in Figure 1. XRD diffractogram of control sample showed intense crystalline peaks at 2θ equals to 18.58º, 18.93º, 20.18º, 20.79º, 21.51º, 23.92º, and 37.80º. However, the treated myristic acid showed alteration in intensity of the XRD peaks. The XRD data of the myristic acid was well supported by the literature [13]. The XRD peaks of treated sample were observed at 2θ equals to 18.62º, 18.93º, 20.74º, 21.51º, 23.80º, 23.97º and 37.65º. The result showed that control and treated myristic acid both has γ pattern α pattern after crystallization [33]. The crystallite size was calculated using Scherrer formula (crystallite size = kλ /b cos θ) and the result are presented in Figure 2. The crystallite size of control myristic acid was 61.58 nm and it was increased to 78.26 nm in treated sample. The result showed that crystallite size was increased significantly by 27.07% in treated myristic acid as compared to control. It was reported previously that increase in processing temperature significantly affects the crystallite size of the materials. The increase in temperature causes decrease in dislocation density and increase in number of unit cell which ultimately causes increase in crystallite size [34,35]. It is hypothesized that biofield may provide some thermal energy that possibly cause elevation in crystallite size of treated myristic acid with respect to control.

Additionally, recently it was showed that introduction of ultrasound to materials leads to substantial increase in crystallite size [36]. Hence, it is assumed that biofield treatment may provide electromagnetic waves similar like ultrasound to treated myristic acid atoms that led to increase in crystallite size with respect to control.
Thermal analysis DSC study
DSC was conducted to investigate the melting nature and latent heat of fusion of control and treated myristic acid. DSC thermogram of control myristic acid shows (Figure 3) an intense endothermic inflexion at 55.95ºC; attributed to melting temperature of myristic acid. The melting temperature of myristic acid was well supported by the literature [37]. However, the treated myristic acid showed a melting endothermic peak at 57.10ºC. It is assumed that increase in melting temperature may be due to interaction of treated myristic acid with biofield energy. It was previously reported that melting temperature of a material depends on its kinetic energy. Hence, it is assumed here that biofield may cause alteration in kinetic energy of treated myristic acid that led to increase in melting temperature. The latent heat of fusion (∆H) was calculated from the DSC thermograms and results are presented in Table 1. The control myristic acid showed a ∆H of 211.43 J/g; however after biofield treatment it was changed to 190.15 J/g. The latent heat of fusion was decreased by 10.16% in treated sample as compared to control. Sari and Kaygusuz showed that myristic acid has a suitable melting point of 49-51ºC and a high latent heat of fusion [38]. They stated that myristic acid is good for thermal energy storage for domestic solar water systems [38]. Hence, in the present work the biofield treated myristic acid showed increase in melting temperature and appreciable latent heat of fusion which may be utilized for PCMs for thermal energy storage applications.
TGA Study
TGA was used to get further insights about the thermal stability of the control and treated myristic acid. TGA thermogram of control and treated myristic acid are shown in Figure 4. The thermogram of control myristic acid showed single step thermal degradation pattern. The onset temperature was noticed at around 196ºC and the thermal degradation was stopped at around 237ºC. During this step the control myristic acid lost 60.49% of its weight. However, the treated myristic acid also showed one step thermal degradation pattern. The sample started to degrade at around 182ºC and the degradation terminated at around 237ºC. The thermogram showed 31.33% of weight loss during this step. This showed that % weight loss of myristic acid was decreased after biofield treatment and this may be inferred as improvement in thermal stability of treated sample. Sharma et al., mentioned that good thermal stability, cheap and wide availability of fatty acids allows them to be used as PCMs [39]. Hence, it is presumed here that biofield treated myristic acid could be a good prospect as PCMs.

The DTA thermogram of control myristic acid showed two endothermic peaks at 56.18ºC and 222.09ºC. The former peak attributed to melting of the myristic acid and second peak represented the thermal decomposition of the compound. However, the DTA thermogram of treated myristic acid showed two endothermic peaks; first one corresponded to melting endotherm (56.71ºC) and second peak was due to thermal decomposition (227.77ºC). Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) of control myristic acid showed maximum thermal decomposition temperature (T max) at 213.87ºC; however it was decreased in treated myristic acid (206.38ºC) (Table 1). Hence, the DTG result of treated myristic acid showed no improvement in T max after biofield treatment.
FT-IR spectroscopy
FT-IR spectrum of control and treated myristic acid are presented in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. The control myristic acid showed band corresponding to C=O stretching vibration at 1701 cm⁻¹. Other peaks at 2916 and 2848 were due to symmetrical and asymmetrical stretching of -CH ₂ functional group in fatty acid. The stretching peaks at 686, 721 and 939 cm⁻¹ were due to -OH swinging or rocking mode, which were characteristics of aliphatic chain of myristic acid [40]. The FT-IR peaks at 1431, and 1464 cm⁻¹ were due to -CH ₂ bending vibration peaks. Other peaks were observed at 1286 and 1261 cm⁻¹ represents the C-H and C-C bending vibrations, respectively.

FT-IR spectrum of treated myristic acid T1 and T2 are presented in Figure 6. FT-IR spectrum of T1 showed typical absorption peaks of -CH ₂ stretching vibrations at 2916 and 2848 cm⁻¹. Likewise, to control the peak at 1701, 1431 and1464 cm⁻¹ were due to C=O group stretching and -CH ₂ bending vibrations. The absorption peaks at 1286 and 1261 cm⁻¹ corresponded to C-H and C-C bending vibrations, respectively. The FT-IR peaks at 686, 721, and 939 cm⁻¹ were due to -OH swinging or rocking vibrations. This showed no significant difference in FT-IR peaks of control and T1 myristic acid sample.

Whereas, the T2 sample showed substantial upward shifting of the FT-IR peaks of 2916→2926 cm⁻¹ (-CH ₂ stretch), 2848→2854 cm⁻¹ (-CH ₂ stretch), and 1701→1712 (C=O stretch). It was previously suggested that the frequency (ν) of vibrational peak depends on two factors i.e. force constant and reduced mass [41]. If mass is constant then frequency is directly proportional to force constant, hence, increase in frequency of any bond may cause possible enhancement in force constant of respective bond and vice versa. Hence, it is assumed that increase in frequency of -CH ₂ and C=O groups in T2 sample may increase the force constant and strength of these bonds. Moreover, the FT-IR of T2 also showed upward shifting of -CH ₂ bending (1464→1471 cm⁻¹) and C-C bending (1286→1294 cm⁻¹) which may be due to some changes in chemical nature of the sample. Overall, the FT-IR results of treated myristic acid (T2) showed substantial alteration in bond strength and force constant after biofield treatment which may improve the stability of treated sample with respect to control
Particle size analysis
Particle size of myristic acid (control and treated) was calculated from particle size distribution graph and presented in Figures 7 and 8. The average particle size (d ₅₀) of control myristic acid was 63.19 µm and it was decreased to 21.67 µm in treated sample (Figure 7). Additionally, the d ₉₉ value (size exhibited by 99% of the particles) was decreased significantly in treated myristic acid 135.25 µm as compared to control myristic acid (679.95 µm). The d ₅₀ and d ₉₉ both were altered significantly by 65.7% and 80.1%, respectively in treated myristic acid (Figure 8). The biofield treatment may cause fracture in the bigger size microparticles which led to reduction in particle size of treated myristic acid as compared to control.

Figure 7: Particle size (d 50 and d ₉₉) of control and treated myristic acid.

Figure 8: Percentage change in particle size (d 50 and d ₉₉) of control and treated myristic acid.
Conclusion
The result showed significant impact of biofield treatment on physical, spectroscopic and thermal properties of myristic acid. XRD showed substantial increase in crystallite size of treated myristic acid with respect to control. DSC study on treated myristic acid showed increase in melting temperature with respect to control. A significant change in latent heat of fusion (10.16%) was observed in treated myristic acid as compared to control. TGA analysis revealed the lowering in weight loss of treated myristic acid as compared to control, which corroborated its high thermal stability. FT-IR spectroscopic study showed the alteration in force constant and bond strength of treated myristic acid with respect to control. Moreover, the biofield treated myristic acid showed decrease in particle size that may enhance the surface area as compared to control sample. Therefore, high melting temperature, thermal stability and appreciable latent heat of fusion of treated myristic acid may improve the phase change nature and it could be used for fabrication of thermal energy storage devices. Although, future studies such as thermal conductivity measurement can be further design to study the potential of biofield treated myristic acid for these applications.
Acknowledgement
The authors like to acknowledge the Trivedi Science, Trivedi Master Wellness and Trivedi Testimonials for their steady support during the work. This should be included in acknowledgment.
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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
physical characterization of myristic acid

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
thermal characterization of myristic acid

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spectroscopic properties of myristic acid

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical, Spectroscopic & Thermal Characterization of Myristic Acid

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Rakesh K. Mishra and Snehasis Jana* DOI: 10.4172/2090-4541.1000180 ISSN: 2090-4541 Citation Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G (2015) Physical, Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization of Biofield treated Myristic acid. J Fundam Renewable Energy Appl 5:180.

# data[].attributes.headline
Alteration in Myristic acid’ Characteristics

# data[].attributes.subject
Alteration in Myristic acid’ Characteristics

# data[].attributes.body
| The alterations in myristic acid characteristics were noticed after the sample was subjected to the human energy treatment by Mr. Mahendra Trivedi in the present research. Visit to get the more information.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical, Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization of Biofield treated Myristic acid

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Thermal stability of control and treated Myristic acid were analyzed by using Mettler Toledo simultaneous TGA and Differential thermal analyzer (DTA). The samples were heated from room temperature to 400ºC with a heating rate of 5ºC/min under air atmosphere. FT-IR spectroscopy FT-IR spectra were recorded on Shimadzu's Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Japan) with frequency range of 4000-500 cm -1 .

# data[].attributes.body
| Follow the given link to know about the impact of a non-touch human energy treatment on myristic acid.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical, Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization of Biofield treated Myristic acid | Mahendra Trivedi | Alice Branton | Dahryn Trivedi | Gopal Nayak | Rama Mohan Tallapragada | Academic Room

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Myristic acid has been extensively used for fabrication of phase change materials for thermal energy storage applications. The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of myristic acid. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated).

# data[].attributes.headline
Impact of Unique Energy on Myristic Acid

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Impact of Unique Energy on Myristic Acid

# data[].attributes.body
| The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of unique energy treatment on the physical, spectroscopic and thermal characterization of myristic acid.

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Physical, Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization of Biofield treated Myristic acid - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Myristic acid has been extensively used for fabrication of phase change materials for thermal energy storage applications. The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of myristic acid. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated).

# data[].attributes.headline
Spectroscopic Properties of Myristic Acid

# data[].attributes.subject
Spectroscopic Properties of Myristic Acid

# data[].attributes.body
| Read here about the positive impact of biofield energy treatment on the change of spectroscopic properties of Myristic acid.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
physical characterization of myristic acid

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
thermal characterization of myristic acid

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
spectroscopic properties of myristic acid

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Physical, Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization of Biofield treated Myristic acid" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Myristic acid has been extensively used for fabrication of phase change materials for thermal energy storage applications. The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of myristic acid. The study was performed in two groups (control and treated).

# data[].attributes.headline
Myristic Acid- FT-IR Spectroscopic Study

# data[].attributes.subject
Myristic Acid- FT-IR Spectroscopic Study

# data[].attributes.body
| The FT-IR spectroscopic study showed the alteration in force constant and bond strength of treated myristic acid with respect to control.

# data[].attributes.headline
Energy Treatment Impact on Myristic Acid

# data[].attributes.subject
Energy Treatment Impact on Myristic Acid

# data[].attributes.body
| In the present investigation, the sample of myristic acid was exposed to a non-contact biofield treatment and evaluated for the changes in properties compared to the untreated samples. Read here for more details.

# data[].attributes.body
| Due to the influence of human energy treatment, there was a change observed in the particle size of the treated myristic acid compared to the control sample.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical, Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization of Biofield treated Myristic acid

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Myristic acid has been extensively used for fabrication of phase change materials for thermal energy storage applications. The objective of present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of

# data[].attributes.body
| The XRD analysis of myristic acid samples was performed to study the alterations in physical and thermal properties of samples treated from the unique biofield energy.

# data[].attributes.headline
Properties of Myristic Acid- Biofield Energy Treatment

# data[].attributes.subject
Properties of Myristic Acid- Biofield Energy Treatment

# data[].attributes.body
| The outcomes of this research shows the impact of a unique biofield energy treatment on physical, spectroscopic and thermal properties of Myristic acid.

# data[].attributes.body
| The objective of the present research was to investigate the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of the myristic acid.

# data[].attributes.body
| After the biofield treatment, it can be concluded that the biofield treated fish peptone sample may be more thermally stable as compared to the control. Follow the link for more details.

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European Journal of Biophysics

Published online December 21, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ejb)

doi: 10.11648/j.ejb.20150306.12

ISSN: 2329-1745 (Print); ISSN: 2329-1737 (Online)

Physical, Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization of

Biofield Treated Fish Peptone

Trivedi Global Inc., Henderson, USA

Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Ragini Singh, Snehasis Jana. Physical, Spectroscopic and Thermal

Characterization of Biofield Treated Fish Peptone. European Journal of Biophysics. Vol. 3, No. 6, 2015, pp. 51-58.

doi: 10.11648/j.ejb.20150306.12

hydrolysates having a wide biological activity and nutritional properties. However, the heat proc essing may cause their thermal

denaturation thereby ca using the co nformational changes in them. T he present stud y utilized the strategy of biofield energy

treatment and analysed its impact on various properties of the fish peptone as compared to the untreated (contro l) sample. The

fish peptone sample was divided into two parts; one part was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment, coded as the treated

sample and another part was coded as the control. The impact of biofield treatment was analysed through various analytical

techniques and results were compared with t he control sample. The particle size data revealed 4.61% increase in the average

) along with 2.66% re duction in the surface area of the treated sample as compared to the control. The X-ray

diffraction studies revealed the amorphous nature of the fish peptone sample; however no alteration was found in t he

diffractogram of the treated sample with respect to the control. The Fourier transform infrared studies showed the alterations in

the frequency of peaks corresponding to N-H, C-H, C=O, C-N, and C-OH, functional groups in the treated sample as compared

to the control. The differential scanning calorimetry data revealed the increase in trans ition enthalpy (∆H) from -71.14 J /g

(control) to -105.32 J/g in the treated sample. The thermal gravimetric analysis data showed the increase in maximum thermal

degradation temperature (T

) from 213.31°C (control) to 221.38°C along with a reduct ion in the percent weight loss o f the

treated sample during the thermal degradation event. These data revealed the increase in thermal stabilit y of the treated fish

peptone and sug gested that th e biofield energy treatment may be used to improve the thermal stability of the heat sensitive

Fish Peptone, Biofield Energy Treatment, Protein Hydrolysate, Differential Scanning Calorimetry,

Thermogravimetric Analysis

The fisheries industry is a major source of income for

processed fish that is utilized for human consumption yields

more than 3.17 million tons by-products per year [1]. These

by-products require proper disposal and hence creates the

huge revenue loss to the seafood industry [2]. Therefore, the

emphasis was done to find the new uses for these waste by-

convert them into some product of interest [3]. It includes

their conversion in protein isolates and hydrolysates having

functional food pr operties and natural food antioxidants [4].

The protein converts into smaller peptides through enz ymatic

conversion and their breakdown products yield protein

hydrolysates. Many resear chers have rep orted the b iological

through their bioactive peptides [5, 6].

The peptones are a mixture of polypeptides and amino

acids that are used in several biotechnological applications.

They are derived from the acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of

natural products such as bovine or porcine meat, milk, yeasts,

and plants. The peptones are mainly used in the production of

media for fermentation, tissue culture, and vaccine stabilizer s

[7]. The main source of peptone is animal tissues; however it

faces the problem of bovine spongifor m encephalopathy, a

neurodegenerative disease and commonly known as mad cow

disease. The main cause of this disease is a specific type of

animals through infected sheep and goats [8]. The problems

demand as raw material focuses th e attentio n towards fish

peptones due to their non-meat o rigin, free from swine-f lu,

and inexpen sive, as derived from fi sh by-pro ducts [9, 10].

Further resea rches proved fish p eptone as a sourc e of high

protein and a balance of amino acids, hence used as the

growth media in the fermentation ind ustry [11]. Besides,

during processing such kind of products are subje cted to

various thermal t reatments to ina ctivate the anti nutritional

solubility and textur e [12]. However, they may face the

thermal den aturation during heati ng that might affect the ir

solubility, stability, and shelf-life [1 3, 14]. There fore, it

creates the need for some altern ative strategies that may

help to improve th e stability related issues of this

compound in a cost-effe ctive manner.

The biofield energy treatmen t was rep orted as a measure

products [15]. It is a put ative form of energy that sur rounds

the body of a ll living organi sms and can be exchanged with

the environment [16, 1 7]. A hu man can harness the energy

from the environ ment or univers e and can tr ansmit it to a ny

living o r non- living object. The object(s) will receive the

energy and res pond to usefu l way, this p rocess is t ermed as

benefits in cancer and arthritis p atients [18, 19]. Moreo ver,

Mr. Trivedi is also well known for his unique biofield

energy trea tment, T he Trivedi Effect

its impact on t he plants [20], microorganisms [21], and

culture medium [22 ]. Hence, the p resent work was aimed to

treat the fish peptone by Mr. Trivedi 's biofield energy and

evaluate the impact on the physicochemic al propert ies and

techniques viz. particle size analyser, surface ar ea analyser,

X-ray diffr action, F ourier tr ansform infr ared sp ectroscopy,

UV-visible spectroscopy, d ifferential scanning ca lorimetry,

and thermogravimetric analysis.

peptone sample was divided into two equal parts in which

one part was coded as the control and another part as the

treated. The treated part was handed over in sealed p ack to

Mr. Trivedi under standard laboratory conditions. Mr. Trivedi

provided the biofield energy treatment to this part (treated)

through his unique energy transmission process, without

touching the sample. The control part was kept untreated.

The impact of biofield treatment on the treated sample was

subsequently analysed as compared to the control sample

using various analytical techniques.

2.1. Particle Size Analysis

The SYMPATEC HELOS-BF laser particle size analyser

was used for the determination of particle size of the control

and treated samples. The analyser was having a detection

range of 0.1 µm to 875 µm. The parameters determined in the

(average particle size) and d

which 99% of the particles are present).

2.2. Surface Area Analysis

The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analyser,

Smart SORB 90 was used to calculate the surface area of the

control and treated samples.

2.3. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Study

The X-ray powder diffractograms were recorded using

Phillips Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer that uses

1.54056Å wavelength of radiation. The X-ray generator was

operating at 35kV and 20mA and equipped with a copper

anode with nickel filter. The diffractograms of control and

treated samples were analysed to determine the nature of the

sample, i.e. crystalline or amorp hous and XRD of treated

sample was compared with the control to analyse any

2.4. Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopic

The Shimadzu's Fourier transform infrared spectrometer

(Japan) was used for recording the FT-IR spectra of the

control and treated samples in the frequency range 4000-450

. The spectra were obtained in the form of wavenumber

(1/cm) vs. percent transmittance (%T). The peaks obtained

from the spectra of control and treated samples were assigned

on the basis of functional groups present in the sample. The

frequency of the peaks corresponding to the functional

groups were compared in the control and treated samples for

analysing the impact of biofield energy with respect to the

bond length and bond angle of those functional groups.

2.5. UV-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopic Characterization

spectra of the control and treated samples were recorded

using 1 cm quartz cell that has a slit width of 2.0 nm.

2.6. Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) Analysis

The DSC analysis of contr ol and treated samples was

carried out using model Perkin Elmer/Pyris-1. The samples

were heated at a rate of 10°C/min under air atmosphere (5

European Journal of Biophysics 2015; 3(6): 51-58 53

temperature range of 50°C to 300°C. Any differences in the

transition temperature and transition enthalpy were recorded

from the thermogram to determine the impact of biofield

energy treatment on the treat ed sample with respect to the

2.7. Thermogravimetric Analysis / Derivative

Thermogravimetry (TGA/DTG)

The thermal stability profile of fish peptone was analysed

using Mettler Toledo simultaneous thermogravimetric analyser

(TGA/DTG). The temperature range was selected from room

temperature to 400ºC and a heating rate of 5ºC/min under air

atmosphere. The impact of biofield treatment was analysed by

comparing the pattern of degradation, maximum degradation

temperature, and percent weight loss of the treated sample as

compared to the control sample.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Particle Size Analysis

Fig. 1. Percent change in particle size and surface area of the treated fish

peptone as compared to the control.

The particle size analysis data d epicted that the d

were 23.44 and 120.17 µm, respectively in the control

sample. Ho wever, in treated sample, the d

found as 24.52 and 124.11 µm, respectively. The percent

change observed in the particles sizes of the biofield treated

sample with respect to the control is depicted in Fig. 1. It

was increased by 4.61%, and d

increased by 3.28% in the treated sample as co mpared to the

control. The protein molecules have a tendency to aggregate

temperature has a significant impact on the aggregation rate

[24]. Hence, it is assumed that the biofield energy treatment

might provide some energy to the sample that resulted in the

slight increase in the particle size of the treated sample

through the process of aggregation.

3.2. Surface Area Analysis

The surface area of control and treated samples of fish

peptone was investigated using BET method. The data

reported that the control sample had a surface area of 0.188

/g; however, the treated sample had a surface area of 0.183

/g. It showed that the surface area was decreased by 2.66%

(Fig. 1) in the treated sample as compared to the control. The

effective surface area is inversely related to the particle size

of the compound [25]. Thus, the slight decrease in surface

area might be attributed to the increase in the particle size of

the treated sample after biofield treatment.

3.3. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)

The X-ray powder diffractograms of control and treated

samples of fish peptone are shown in Fig. 2. The XRD

pattern of the control sample did not contain any diffraction

maxima, which indicated that the molecules were internally

disordered and glassy in nature. The glassy material sho wed

one broad peak that resulted due to short range ordering of

the molecules as compared to the long-range order in a

crystal [2 6]. T he diffractogram of the treated sample also

showed similar XRD pattern indicated that biofield energy

treatment may not cause any alteration in the ordering of the

molecules of fish peptone sample.

Fig. 2. X-ray diffractograms of control and treated samples of fish peptone.

3.4. FT-IR Spectroscopic Analysis

The FT-IR spectra of fish peptone (control and treated

samples) are shown in Fig. 3. The fish peptone contains

mainly pro teins a nd carbohydrates [27]. Hence, the major

vibration peaks observed (Table 1) were assigned to the

functional groups present in these ingredients. The peak at

antisymmetric stretching of amino acids; however the peak

Particle size Surface area

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Ragini Singh, Snehasis Jana

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical, Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization of Biofield Treated Fish Peptone - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The by-products of industrially processed fish are enzymatically converted into fish protein isolates and hydrolysates having a wide biological activity and nutritional properties. However, the heat processing may cause their thermal denaturation thereby causing the conformational changes in them.

# data[].attributes.headline
Fish Peptone - Physical, Thermal, Spectroscopic Characterization

# data[].attributes.subject
Fish Peptone - Physical, Thermal, Spectroscopic Characterization

# data[].attributes.body
| Read more about how Mr. Trivedi's unique human energy treatment and its effect on the characteristics of treated fish peptone w.r.t control.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
physical characterization of fish peptone

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
spectroscopic characterization of fish peptone

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
thermal characterization of fish peptone

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Physical, Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization of Biofield Treated Fish Peptone" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The by-products of industrially processed fish are enzymatically converted into fish protein isolates and hydrolysates having a wide biological activity and nutritional properties. However, the heat processing may cause their thermal denaturation thereby causing the conformational changes in them.

# data[].attributes.headline
Characterization of Biofield Treated Fish Peptone

# data[].attributes.subject
Characterization of Biofield Treated Fish Peptone

# data[].attributes.body
| The aim of this study was to utilize the strategy of unique human energy treatment and evaluate its impact on spectroscopic, thermal and physical properties of fish peptone.

# data[].attributes.body
| In the research, the FT-IR study shows the alteration in the frequency in the treated sample as compare to the control sample. Visit the link for more details.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical, Spectroscopic and Thermal Characterization of Biofield Treated Fish Peptone

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The by-products of industrially processed fish are enzymatically converted into fish protein isolates and hydrolysates having a wide biological activity and nutritional properties. However, the heat processing may cause their thermal denaturation

# data[].attributes.body
| Fish Peptone’s XRD study shows the amorphous nature of treated peptone, due to the influence of unique human energy treatment. Follow the link for more details.

# data[].attributes.body
| The present study utilized the strategy of biofield energy treatment and analyzed its impact on various properties of the fish peptone as compared to the untreated sample. Visit the link for more details.

# data[].attributes.body
| The FT-IR study of bio peptone suggested the impact of biofield energy treatment on bond strength and force constant of treated sample with respect to the control. Read more through the link given below.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
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%D%%%-5"+-%%%5%##%7",-@

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66>?#5,%B3%5>>%%)=2%5)>%2%2%5

,#%-2%5F,%>(>%)5

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%%% >   I J" , - %

% %   #! >  ; >

%%%#!>

 I&J" )%5     % C >

=5%#>%%%%"(

A> ! -%5 > #%" ( >> %

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   % A ! % 

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%  > =5 % % 

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C  % %5    > 

  5  % #%%  5 

% % %#   I'J" / %

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(  % 5%  #5 % %- 

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#"25%%5#5%

C%#!#5>>%%%

I&J"7"7%%:%,-%!%

> #5 " / % %  #5 >

   % > #5 % ,

%

-% >  % %#%  % IJ

#5%IJ%#5%IDJ

etc"( % 7",-@ > #5 % %

 %   %  -% 5%

> #%  I'J % #% 

6%%-%>

#5% %   >     

%5!%#-#%>>

% %5 >%   5% %

 " , %% > % % !

%!%>%"

6  !%  > /7% 4%%

2.2. Biofield Energy Treatment Modalities

,%!%-!%

!%%!%%-%%;7"

,->>#5%"7",--

 > #5%    % # via 

A # %  ! # 

%%%%%5"2>%

 % % !  % %% %%5

 % A5   % % 

%! -%% # -% %%5% A 

% B%5 >>%5 B3 % = %%5

>%%%%%5>>%%#%5)<

#%-%%5 -%-#%-5

,.2 ,.F%>>% F,(3%10-

,B35>%%%

!% %    /% L D B%5

>>%",B3!%A!;

>%  %", B3 %%5 !%  % 

!%-#>"&M"

2.4. Particle Size Analysis

,%=>%%%

!%%#%%=%%5=)5%

/?4+)6F",%#>!%

%#>"N'DO",%!%%!%%

5%C",%%%=!%>

#>!#A%"



'())          

% %-%# %

= >  % % % -5

2.5. Surface Area Analysis

,>% %% >  % %    !%

#  2),7  &   6%N

?N,6?,>%%%%%5=)%)+36"

,%#!%>"

%#    >% %% > % % !

    !% %% #  >!#

*+ 

>%%%>%

%%-5"

,#%>%%

!% #  5 ; ? >>%

%#%" (  C  %%5 !

%%%>P<  %%!

>!%>4 "25%%!-

!%%>%",#%,

>6>?#5,%6

>%%%!%>

,,.2 ,. %%5 >  % % 

 % ! >  7 ,

%,.2 ,.%%5=" ,%%5 !%

&P<%% >P< > %

 % %" ,  % > %

#%%%%%!%C!#

 %! >> ,.2 ,.

2.8. FT-IR Spectroscopic Analysis

>>> > #5 %  % - ;

, % > F,(3 5 ! % 5

#!%!:6>

!%#",F,(3%!

% >  )%=@ F %> >%

 9%%   >A5 # > &

2.9. UV-Vis Spectroscopic Analysis

,%>%%%!

)%=10&<",10

!%A!A%=>!%

!>"%!%-#!%&"

3. Results and Discussion

,B3>>%#%>%%

%%!F#""(!%%%Q

A%P%",%%>B3

%;##  % % >    %

%%IJ",B35##%>

#5%    %5 %#   5 %

>   !     %"

% %  % #%=  % > %

%IJ" ,5      #%#  >

5% > A" , % > >   

5%IJ"

3.2. Particle Size Analysis

,%-%#%=

%%=!

!E%%

%%

%!5%%=%%5=%

%!F#""(!

R%"R%%%-5"

-%!-%D"D&R%"'R

%%%-5",!

%&"DE%

%D"'E%

Figure 1. XRD diffractograms of control and treated bio peptone.

Figure 2. Particle size of control and treated bio peptone.

( %  >#5 5 

%##% %   %

%%>%=

35%>%% %= >

%%%-5#

3.3. Surface Area Analysis

,>%%%>%%%

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Khemraj Bairwa, Snehasis Jana

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Characterization of Physicochemical and Spectroscopic Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Bio Peptone - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Bio peptone is a combination of enzymatic digest of animal tissues and casein; and generally used for the growth of several varieties of microbes. The aim of present study was to investigate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of bio peptone.

# data[].attributes.body
| The analytical results of the overall research shows that, Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment has substantial effect on physicochemical and spectral properties of treated bio peptone.

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physicochemical properties of bio peptone

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Characterization of Physicochemical and Spectroscopic Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Bio Peptone" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Bio peptone is a combination of enzymatic digest of animal tissues and casein; and generally used for the growth of several varieties of microbes. The aim of present study was to investigate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of bio peptone.

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| In the current research, the DSC analysis shows the alteration in the melting temperature of treated bio peptone as compared to the control. Click on the below given link, for more details.

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| In the research, the surface area analysis revealed the 253.95% increase in the specific surface area of treated sample as compared to the control. Follow the link, to know more.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Characterization of Physicochemical and Spectroscopic Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Bio Peptone

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Bio peptone is a combination of enzymatic digest of animal tissues and casein; and generally used for the growth of several varieties of microbes. The aim of present study was to investigate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the

# data[].attributes.headline
Biofield Impact on Characterization of Bio Peptone

# data[].attributes.subject
Biofield Impact on Characterization of Bio Peptone

# data[].attributes.body
| The study assesses the impact of unique human energy treatment on the characteristics of bio peptone. Visit the link for more details.

# data[].attributes.body
| The aim of present study was to investigate the impact of biofield energy treatment on the physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of bio peptone. Visit the link for more details.

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Biofield Study on Manganese Sulfide Powder

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Biofield Study on Manganese Sulfide Powder

# data[].attributes.body
| The overall research on manganese sulfide powder suggested that biofield energy treatment has considerable impact on the atomic and physical properties of MnS powder.

# data[].attributes.body
| Read here, about how the variation occur in the characteristics of MnS after its treatment from Mr. Trivedi's unique human energy treatment.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Manganese sulfide (MnS) is known for its wide applications in solar cell, opto-electronic devices, and photochemical industries. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on the atomic and physical properties of MnS. The MnS powder sample was equally divided into two parts, referred as to be control and to be treated.

# data[].attributes.body
| The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on the atomic and physical properties of MnS. Visit the link for more details.

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American Journal of Physics and Applications
Published December 21, 2015

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana. Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder. American Journal of Physics and Applications. Vol. 3, No. 6, 2015, pp. 215-220. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20150306.15

Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder

Manuscript Link:
http://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpa.20150306.15.pdf

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana

DOI: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20150306.15 ISSN: 2330-4286 (Print)2330-4308 (Online)
Citation
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana. Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder. American Journal of Physics and Applications. Vol. 3, No. 6, 2015, pp. 215-220. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20150306.15
Abstract
Manganese sulfide (MnS) is known for its wide applications in solar cell, opto-electronic devices, and photochemical industries. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on the atomic and physical properties of MnS. The MnS powder sample was equally divided into two parts, referred as to be control and to be treated. The treated part was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment. After that, both control and treated samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The XRD data revealed that the biofield energy treatment has altered the lattice parameter, unit cell volume, density, and molecular weight of the treated MnS sample as compared to the control. The crystallite size on various planes was significantly changed from -50.0% to 33.3% in treated sample as compared to the control. The FT-IR analysis exhibited that the absorption band attributed to Mn-S stretching vibration was reduced from (634 cm⁻¹) to 613 cm⁻¹ in treated MnS as compared to the control. Besides, the ESR study revealed that g-factor was reduced by 3.3% in the treated sample as compared to the control. Therefore, the biofield energy treated MnS could be applied for the use in solar cell and semiconductor applications.

Keywords: Manganese Sulfide, Biofield Energy Treatment, X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier transform Infrared, Electron Spin Resonance
1. Introduction
Manganese chalcogenides MnX (X = O, S, Se, Te) are known for their interesting electronic structure and magnetooptical properties. The variable oxidation states and less toxicity of these compounds make them promising materials in wide range of application [1]. The Manganese sulfide (MnS), a part of manganese chalcogenides family, is a wide band semiconductor with an energy band gap of 3.1 eV. It usually exist in three forms as α- MnS, β- MnS, and γ-MnS [2-4]. The MnS is used in various application such as solar cell, opto-electronic devices, and photochemical materials [5, 6]. Currently, it is synthesized using various methods including hydrothermal method [7, 8], chemical bath deposition [9], solvothermal synthesis [10], etc. For industrial applications, the crystal structure, physical and atomic properties of MnS play an important role. Further, a considerable effort has been made by researchers to modify the crystalline phases and surface morphologies of MnS [11, 12]. Veeramanikandasamy et al. had modified the microstructure and optical properties of MnS using different Mn/S ratio [13]. Further, Shi et al. had studied the effect of hydrothermal annealing on the structure, morphology and optical properties of MnS films [14]. However, all these process are very complex and costly, thus an economically viable approach is needed to modify the MnS with respect to physical and atomic properties. Recently, the biofield energy treatment have gained significant attention due to its potential effect on various living and non-living things [15, 16].

It is well established that the energy can be transferred from one place to another place using several scientific techniques. Further, it exists in various forms such as thermal, electric, kinetic, nuclear, etc. The living organisms are exchanging their energy with the environment for their health maintenance [17]. Moreover, a human has the capability to harness the energy from the environment/Universe and transmit it to any object around the Globe. The object(s) receive the energy and respond in a useful way that is called biofield energy, and this process is known as biofield energy treatment. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) has recommended the use of alternative CAM therapies (e.g. healing therapy) in the healthcare sector [18]. Moreover, Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield energy treatment (The Trivedi Effect®) had been extensively studied in materials science [19]. It has substantially altered the atomic, physical and thermal properties in metals [20, 21] and ceramics [22]. Thus, after considering the effect of biofield energy treatment on metals and ceramics, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of this treatment on the atomic and physical properties of the MnS using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR).
2. Materials and Methods
The MnS powder was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA. The MnS powder sample was divided in two groups: to be control and to be treated. The control sample was remained as untreated, while the treated sample was in sealed pack, handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield energy treatment under standard laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission process to the treated sample without touching the sample. The control and treated MnS samples were analyzed using XRD, FT-IR, and ESR techniques.
2.1. XRD Study
The Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system was used to perform the XRD analysis of control and treated MnS samples. From the XRD system, the data was obtained in the form of a table containing Bragg angles, the peak intensity counts, relative intensity (%), d-spacing value (Å), and full width half maximum (FWHM) (θ°) for each peak. After that, the PowderX software was used to calculate the crystal structure parameters such as lattice parameter, and unit cell volume of the control and treated samples. Also, the Scherrer equation was used to compute the crystallite size on various planes as below equation 1:

Here, k is equipment constant (=0.94), λ =1.54056 Å, and b is full width half maximum (FWHM). After that, the percentage change in G was calculated using following formula equation 2:

(2)

Where, G c and G t are the crystallite size of control and treated MnS samples respectively.
2.2. FT-IR Spectroscopy
The FT-IR analysis of control and treated MnS was accomplished on Shimadzu's Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Japan). The spectra was obtained with frequency range of 4000-500 cm⁻¹. The purpose of the FT-IR analysis was to study the impact of biofield energy treatment on dipole moment, force constant and bond strength in the MnS.
2.3. ESR Spectroscopy
The ESR analysis of control and treated MNS samples was carried out using Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), E-112 ESR Spectrometer, Varian, USA. The X-band microwave frequency (9.5 GHz), with sensitivity of 5 x 10 ¹⁰, ΔH spins was used for the ESR study.
3. Results and Discussion 3.1. XRD Study
The XRD technique is a quantitative and non-destructive technique, which is commonly used to study the crystal structure and its parameters of a compound. Fig. 1 shows the XRD diffractograms of control and treated MnS samples. The control MnS sample showed the intensive XRD peaks at Bragg's angle (2θ) 29.56°, 34.80°, 49.28°, and 61.44°, which were corresponded to the crystalline plane (111), (200), (220), and (222) of cubic crystal structure according to joint committee on powder diffraction standards (JCPDS) card no. 06-0518.[23]. Further, the treated MnS sample exhibited the crystalline peaks at lower Bragg's angle 29.53°, 34.25°, 49.26°, and 61.40° corresponding to planes (111), (200), (220), and (222) respectively, as compared to the control. It was reported that the internal strain leads to shift the XRD pattern toward lower Bragg's angles. Thus, it is possible that the energy transferred through biofield treatment may provide the stress in the MnS sample and that might be responsible for the internal strain in treated MnS sample. Moreover, the crystallite sizes (G) computed using Scherrer equation (G = kλ/bcosθ) is presented in Table 1. The data showed that the crystallite size on crystalline peak (111) was increased from 107 nm (control) to 142.6 nm in the treated MnS sample. However, the crystallite sizes on most intense planes (200) and (220) were reduced from 144.6 nm and 227.7 nm (control) to 86.6 and 113.8 nm, respectively, in treated MnS sample. It indicates that the crystallite size was significantly reduced by 40.1 and 50.0% on planes (200) and (220), respectively as compared to the control (Fig 2). Nevertheless, the crystallite size was remained same in control and treated MnS sample on crystalline plane (222). It was reported that presence of internal strain leads to fracture the crystallite into sub-crystallites [24]. Due to this, the crystallite size of treated MnS might reduce along some crystalline planes. Besides, the crystal structure parameters of MnS sample were computed using PowderX software and presented in Table 2. The data exhibited that the lattice parameter of unit cell was increased from 5.225Å (control) to 5.228Å in treated MnS sample. The increase in lattice parameter of unit cell was supported by the shifting of the XRD peaks toward lower Bragg angle [25]. In addition, the increase in lattice parameter in treated MnS samples led to increase the unit cell volume from 14.27 ×10⁻²³ cm ³ (control) to 14.29 ×10⁻²³ cm ³. It is well known that the unit cell volume and its density are inversely related. Thus, the increase in unit cell volume led to reduce the density from 4.084 g/cc (control) to 4.078 g/cc. However, the molecular weight was increased from 87.66 g/mol (control) to 87.79 g/mol in treated MnS. Thus, the above results suggested that the biofield energy treatment probably acted at atomic level to cause these modifications. It is supposed that the energy transferred through biofield treatment could be in the form of the neutrinos, which probably acted at nuclear level to cause these alterations. Besides, Girish et al. reported that the energy band gap of MnS is directly related with its crystallite size and lattice strain [26]. Thus, the change in crystallite size and lattice strain in treated MnS may lead to alter its energy band gap. It is assumed that the biofield energy treatment could be used to modify the optical properties of MnS for solar cell and semiconductor applications. However, further study is required to confirm the actual change in optical properties of MnS after biofield energy treatment.

Fig. 1. X-ray diffractogram of manganese sulfide nanopowder.

Fig. 2. The percent change in crystallite size of manganese sulfide powder after biofield energy treatment.

2 θ is Bragg angle, FWHM is full width half maximum of peaks, and G is crystallite size

Table 1. Effect of biofield energy treatment on crystallite size of manganese sulfide nanopowder.

Table 2. Effect of biofield energy treatment on lattice parameter, unit cell volume density atomic weight, nuclear charge per unit volume of manganese sulfide nanopowder.
3.2. FT-IR Spectroscopy
The FT-IR spectra of control and treated MnS samples are presented in Fig. 3. The spectra showed the absorption bands at 3439 cm⁻¹ and 3450 cm⁻¹ in control and treated sample, respectively, attributing to -OH stretching vibration. The bending vibrations of O-H were found at 1642 cm⁻¹ and 1648 cm⁻¹ in control and treated samples respectively. It could be due to moisture absorption by the sample [27]. Furthermore, the control sample showed the absorption band at 634 cm⁻¹ which was corresponded to Mn-S stretching vibrations.

Fig. 3. FT-IR spectra of manganese sulfide nanopowder.

However, in treated MnS sample, the absorption band attributing to Mn-S stretching vibrations was shifted to lower wavenumber i.e. 613 cm⁻¹ [28]. It was reported that the wavenumber is directly related to the bond force constant (k) as following equation 3 below [29]:

Here, μ is the effective mass of atoms, which form the bond and c is the speed of light (3×10 ⁸ m/s). The equation inferred that the reduction of bond force constant can lead to shift the absorption wavenumber toward lower side. Previously, our group reported that biofield energy treatment has altered the bond length of Ti-O bond in barium titanate [30]. Based on this, it is assumed that the bond force constant of Mn-S bond probably increased after biofield energy treatment.

Further, it is possible that the energy transferred through biofield energy treatment probably acted on the atomic bonding level to cause these modifications. Besides, the XRD data showed that the lattice parameter of Mn-S unit cell was increased in treated sample as compared to control. It implied that the distance between two atoms was increased in the treated sample. Due to this, the bond length of the Mn-S bond might be increased in treated sample, as compared to the control. It is well known that the bond length of any bond is inversely proportional to the bond force constant. Thus, the increase in Mn-S bond length may lead to reduce the bond force constant.
3.3. ESR Spectroscopy
The ESR spectroscopy is widely used to determine the paramagnetic behavior, to detect the presence of unpaired electrons and vacancies in the compounds. The ESR analysis result of control and treated MnS is illustrated in Table 3. The data showed the g-factor of 2.162 in the control sample due to the presence of unpaired electron present in Mn⁺². However, g-factor was reduced to 2.090 in the treated MnS sample. It indicates that the g-factor was reduced by 3.3% in the treated sample as compared to the control. The g-factor is related to the angular momentum of the unpaired electrons. Thus it is assumed that the biofield energy treatment probably altered the angular momentum of the electron spin. Further, it was also found that the ESR signal width was reduced by 12.9% in the treated sample as compared to the control. It indicated that Mn electrons subjected to the narrow spin-orbit interaction, which might be the responsible for the reduction of ESR signal width [ 31]. In addition, the signal height was also reduced by 16.7% in the treated sample as compared to the control. Therefore, ESR results suggested that the energy transferred through biofield treatment probably interact with electron to cause these modification at atomic level.

Table 3. ESR analysis result of manganese sulfide nanopowder.
4. Conclusions
The effect of biofield energy treatment on the atomic and physical properties of MnS was analyzed. The XRD data revealed that the biofield energy treatment has altered the lattice parameter, unit cell volume, density, and molecular weight of the treated MnS sample as compared to the control. The alteration in molecular weight could be due to the interaction of biofield energy with the neutron and proton of the MnS nucleus. The crystallite size on crystalline plane (220) was reduced upto 50% in the treated sample as compared to the control. The change in crystallite size may alter the energy band gap of MnS. Besides, the FT-IR analysis revealed that the absorption band attributed to Mn-S stretching vibration was reduced from 634 cm⁻¹(control) to 613 cm⁻¹ in the treated MnS as compared to the control. It may be due to reduction of bond force constant in MnS through biofield energy treatment. In addition, biofield energy treatment has reduced the g-factor by 3.3% (2.162→2.090) in the treated sample as compared to the control. Thus, above data suggested that biofield energy treatment has considerable impact on the atomic and physical properties of MnS. Therefore, the biofield energy treatment could be applied to modify the atomic and physical properties of MnS for the solar cell and semiconductor industries.
Acknowledgments
Authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of sciences for supporting in analyzing the XRD data using Powder-X software. The authors would also like to thank Trivedi Science, Trivedi Master Wellness and Trivedi Testimonials for their support during the work.
References
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[6] Tian Q, Tang M, Jiang FR, Liu YW, Wu JH (2011) Largescaled star-shaped α-MnS nanocrystals with novel magnetic properties. Chem Commun 47: 8100-8102.
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[8] Zhao P, Zeng Q, He X, Tang H, Huang K (2008) Preparation of γ-MnS hollow spheres consisting of cones by a hydrothermal method. J Cryst Growth 310: 4268-4272.
[9] Lokhande CD, Ennaoui A, Patil PS, Giersig M, Muller M et al. (1998) Process and characterisation of chemical bath deposited manganese sulphide (MnS) thin films. Thin Solid Films 330: 70-75.
[10] Lu J, Qi P, Peng Y, Meng Z, Yang Z, et al.(2001) Metastable MnS crystallites through solvothermal synthesis. Chem Mater 13: 2169-2172.
[11] Jun Y, Jung Y, Cheon J (2002) Architectural control of magnetic semiconductor nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 124: 615-619.
[12] Skromme B, Zhang Y, Smith DJ, Sivananthan S (1995) Growth and characterization of pseudomorphic single crystal zinc blende MnS. Appl Phys Lett 67: 2690-2693.
[13] Veeramanikandasamy T, Rajendran K, Sambath K (2014) Influence of Mn/S molar ratio on the microstructure and optical properties of MnS nanocrystals synthesized by wet chemical technique. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 25: 33833388.
[14] Shi Y, Xue F, Li C, Zhao Q, Qua Z (2011) Preparation and hydrothermal annealing of pure metastable b-MnS thin films by chemical bath deposition (CBD). Mater Res Bull 46: 483486.
[15] Trivedi MK, Patil S, Nayak G, Jana S, Latiyal O (2015) Influence of biofield treatment on physical, structural and spectral properties of boron nitride. J Material Sci Eng 4: 181.
[16] Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana S (2015) Phenotypic and biotypic characterization of Klebsiella oxytoca: An impact of biofield treatment. J Microb Biochem Technol 7: 202-205.
[17] Saad M, Medeiros RD (2012) Distant healing by the supposed vital energy- scientific bases. Complementary therapies for the contemporary healthcare. InTech.
[18] Barnes PM, Powell-Griner E, McFann K, Nahin RL (2004) Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United States, 2002. Adv Data 343: 1-19.
[19] Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O (2015) Studies of the atomic and crystalline characteristics of ceramic oxide nano nanopowders after bio field treatment. Ind Eng Manage 4: 161.
[20] Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O et al.(2015) An evaluation of biofield treatment on thermal, physical and structural properties of cadmium nanopowder. J Thermodyn Catal 6: 147.
[21] Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, et al. (2015) Potential impact of biofield treatment on atomic and physical characteristics of magnesium. Vitam Miner 3: 129.
[22] Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of vanadium pentoxide nanopowder. J Material Sci Eng S11: 001.
[23] Mi L,Chen Y, Zheng Z, Hou H, Chen W (2014) Beneficial metal ion insertion into dandelion-like MnS with enhanced catalytic performance and genetic morphology. RSC Adv 4: 19257-19265.
[24] Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM (2008) A transcendental to changing metal powder characteristics. Met Powder Rep 63: 22-28, 31.
[25] Kumar P, Kar M (2014) Effect of structural transition on magnetic and dielectric properties of La and Mn cosubstituted BiFeO3 ceramics. Mater Chem Phys 148: 968-977.
[26] Girish M, Dhandayuthapani T, Sivakumar R, Sanjeeviraja C (2014) The effect of TEA on structural and optical properties of nebulized spray deposited MnS thin films. Int J Chem Tech Res 6: 3361-3363.
[27] Wang TX, Chen WW (2008) Low-temperature synthesis of pure rock-salt structure manganese sulfide using a singlesource molecular precursor. Chem Eng J 144: 146-148.
[28] Liu JD, Zheng XS, Shi ZF, Zhang SQ (2014) Sulfur/mesoporous carbon composites combined with γ-MnS as cathode materials for lithium/sulfur batteries. Ionics 20: 659-664.
[29] Ghosh M, Dilawar N, Bandyopadhyay AK, Raychaudhuri AK (2009) Phonon dynamics of Zn (Mg, Cd)O alloy nanostructures and their phase segregation. J Appl Phys 106:1-6.
[30] Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Impact of biofield treatment on atomic and structural characteristics of barium titanate nanopowder. Ind Eng Manage 4: 166.
[31] Moloto N, Moloto MJ, Kalenga M, Govindraju S, Airo M (2014) Synthesis and characterization of MnS and MnSe nanoparticles: Morphology, optical and magnetic properties. Opt Mater 36: 31-35.
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American Journal of Physics and Applications Published December 21, 2015 Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana. Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder. American Journal of Physics and Applications. Vol. 3, No. 6, 2015, pp.

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| The analysis of biofield treated MnS sample shows that the biofield treated MnS could be used in solar cell and semiconductor applications.

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Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder | Mahendra Trivedi | Alice Branton | Dahryn Trivedi | Gopal Nayak | Academic Room

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Manganese sulfide (MnS) is known for its wide applications in solar cell, opto-electronic devices, and photochemical industries. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on the atomic and physical properties of MnS. The MnS powder sample was equally divided into two parts, referred as to be control and to be treated.

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| In the research, the ESR study revealed that g-factor was reduced by 3.3% in the treated sample as compared to the control. Get to know more, from the link given below.

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Published online December 21, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajpa)

doi: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20150306.15

ISSN: 2330-4286 (Print); ISSN: 2330-4308 (Online)

Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of

Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder

, Rama Mohan Tallapragada

Trivedi Global Inc., Henderson, USA

Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana.

Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder. American Journal of Physics and

Applications. Vol. 3, No. 6, 2015, pp. 215-220. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20150306.15

photochemical industries. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on the atomic and

physical properties of MnS. The MnS powder sample was equally divided into two parts, referred as to be control and to be

treated. The treated part was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment. After that, both control and treated samples

were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectro scopy, and electron spin resonance

(ESR) spectroscopy. The XRD data revealed that the biofield energy treatment has altered the lattice parameter, unit cell

volume, density, and molecular weight of the treated MnS sample as compared to the control. The crystallite size on various

planes was significantly changed from -50 .0% to 33.3% in treated sample as co mpared to the control. The FT-IR analysis

exhibited that the absorption band attributed to Mn-S stretching vibration was reduced from (634 cm

MnS as compared to the control. Besides, the ESR study revealed that g-factor was reduced by 3.3% in the treated sample as

semiconductor applications.

Manganese Sulfide, Biofield Energy Treatment, X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier transform Infrared,

Manganese chalco genides MnX (X = O, S, Se, Te) are

known for their interesting electronic structure and magneto-

optical properties. The variable oxidation states and less

toxicity of these compounds make them promising materials

in wide range of application [1]. The Manganese sulfide

(MnS), a part of manganese chalcogenides family, is a wide

band semiconductor with an energy band gap of 3.1 eV. It

usually exist in three forms as α- MnS, β- MnS, and γ-MnS

[2-4]. The MnS is used in various application such as solar

cell, opto-electronic devices, and photochemical materials [5 ,

deposition [9], solvothermal synthesis [10], etc. For industrial

considerable effort has been mad e by resear chers to modify

the crystalline phases and surface morphologies of MnS [11,

12]. Veeramanikandasamy et al. had modified the

microstructure and optical properties of MnS using different

Mn/S ratio [13]. Further, Shi et al. had studied the effect of

hydrothermal annealing on the structure, morphology and

optical properties of MnS films [14]. However, all these

process are very c omplex and costly, thus an economically

viable approach is needed to modify the MnS with respect to

physical and atomic prop erties. Recently, the biofield energy

treatment have gained significant attention due to its potential

effect on various living and non-living things [15, 16].

It is well established that the energy can be transferred

from one place to another place using several scientific

thermal, electric, kinetic, nuclear, etc. The living orga nisms

are exchanging their energy with the environment for their

216 Mahendra Kumar Trivedi et al.: Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of

Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder

environment/Universe and transmit it to any object around

the Globe. The object(s) receive the energy and respond in a

useful way that is called biofield energy, and this process is

known as biofield energy treatment. The National Center for

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) has

recommended the use of alternative CAM therapies (e.g.

healing therapy) in the healthcare sector [18]. Moreover, Mr.

) had been extensively studied in materials science

[19]. It has substantially altered the atomic, physical and

thermal properties in metals [20, 21] and ceramics [22 ].

Thus, after considering the effect of biofield energy treatment

on metals and ceramics, this study was designed to evaluate

properties of the MnS using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier

transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and electron spin

resonance spectroscopy (ESR).

The MnS powder was purchased from Sigma Aldrich,

USA. The MnS powder sample was divided in two groups: to

remained as untreated, while the treated sample was in sealed

treatment under standard laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi

process to the treated sample without touching the sample.

The control and treated MnS samples were a nalyzed using

XRD, FT-IR, and ESR techniques.

system was used to perform t he XRD analysis of control and

treated MnS samples. Fro m the XRD system, the data was

obtained in the form of a table containing Bragg angles, the

peak intensity counts, relative intensity (%), d-spacing value

(Å), and full width half maximum (FWHM) (θ°) for each

peak. After that, the PowderX software was used to calculate

the crystal structure parameters such as lattice p arameter, and

unit cell volume of the control and treated samples. Also, the

Scherrer equation was used to compute the crystallite size on

various planes as below equation 1:

Here, k is equipment constant (=0.94), λ =1.54056 Å, and

b is full widt h half maximum ( FWHM). After that, the

are the crystallite size of control and

treated MnS samples respectively.

accomplished o n Shimadzu's Fourier transform infrared

frequency range of 4000-500 cm

. The purpose of the FT-IR

analysis was to study the impact of biofield energy treatment

on dipole moment, force constant and bond strength in th e

The ESR analysis of control and treated MNS samples was

carried out using Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), E-112

ESR Spectrometer, Varian, USA. The X-band microwave

frequency (9.5 GHz ), with sensitivity of 5 x 10

was used for the ESR study.

3. Results and Discussion

The XRD technique is a quantitative and non-destructive

technique, which is co mmonly used to study the crystal

structure and its parameters of a compound. Fig. 1 shows th e

XRD diffractograms of control and treated MnS samples.

The control MnS sample showed the intensive XRD peaks at

Bragg's angle (2θ) 29.56°, 34.80°, 49.28°, and 61.44°, which

were corresponded to the crystalline plane (111), (200),

(220), and (222) of cubic crystal structure according to joint

committee on powder diffraction standards (JCPD S) card no.

06-0518.[23]. Further, the treated MnS sample exhibited the

crystalline peaks at lower Bragg's angle 29.53°, 34.25°,

49.26°, and 61.40° corresponding to planes (111), (200),

(220), and (222 ) respectively, as compared to the control. It

was reported that the internal strain leads to shift the XRD

pattern toward lower Bragg's angles. Thus, it is possible that

provide the stress in the MnS sample and that might be

responsible for the internal strain in treated MnS sample.

Moreover, the crystallite sizes (G) computed using Scherrer

equation (G = kλ/bcosθ) is presented in Table 1. The data

showed that the crystallite size on crystalline peak (111) was

increased from 107 nm (control) to 142.6 nm in the treated

MnS sample. However, the crystallite sizes on most intens e

planes (2 00) and (220) were red uced from 144 .6 n m and

227.7 nm (control) to 86.6 and 113.8 nm, respectively, in

treated MnS sample. It indicates t hat the crystallite size was

significantly reduced by 40.1 and 50.0% on planes (200) and

control and treated MnS sample o n crystalline plane (222). It

was reported that presence of internal strain lea ds to fracture

the crystallite into sub-crystallites [24]. Due to this, the

crystallite size of treated M nS might reduce along so me

crystalline planes. Besides, the crystal structure parameters of

MnS sample were computed using PowderX software and

presented in Table 2. The data exhibited that the lattice

American Journal of Physics and Applications 2015; 3(6): 215-220 217

parameter of unit cell was increased from 5.225Å (control) to

parameter of unit cell was supported by the shifting of the

XRD peaks toward lower Bragg angle [25]. In addition, the

increase in lattice parameter in treated MnS samples led to

increase the unit cell volume from 14.27 ×10

. It is well known that the unit cell volume

and its density are inversely related. Thus, the increase in unit

(control) to 4 .078 g/cc. However, the molecular weight was

treated MnS. Thus, the above results suggested that the

biofield energy treatment probably acted at atomic level to

cause these modifications. It is suppo sed that the energy

transferred through biofield treatment could be in the form of

the neutrinos, which probab ly acted at nuclear level to cause

energy band gap of MnS is directly related with its crystallite

size and lattice strain [26]. Thus, the change in crystallite size

and lattice strain in treated MnS may lead to alter its energy

band gap. It is assumed that the biofield energy treatment

could be used to modify the optical properties of MnS for

solar cell and semiconductor applications. However, further

study is required to confirm the actual change i n optical

properties of MnS after biofield energy treatment.

Fig. 1. X-ray diffractogram of manganese sulfide nanopowder.

Table 1. Effect of biofield energy treatment on crystallite size of manganese

2 θ is Bragg angle, FWHM is full width half maximum of peaks, and G is

Fig. 2. The percent change in crystallite size of manganese sulfide powder

after biofield energy treatment.

Table 2. Effect of biofield energy treatment on lattice parameter, unit cell

volume density atomic weight, nuclear charge per unit volume of manganese

The FT-IR spectra of control and treated MnS samples are

presented in Fig. 3. The spectra showed the absorption bands

in control and treated sample,

respectively, attributing to -OH stretching vibration. The

bending vibrations of O-H were found at 1642 cm

in control and treated samples respectively. It could be

due to moisture absorp tion by the sample [27]. Furthermore,

the control sample showed the absorption band at 634 cm

which was corresponded to Mn-S stretching vibrations.

However, in treated MnS sample, the absorption band

attributing to Mn-S stretching vibrations was sh ifted to lower

[28]. It was reported that the

constant (k) as following equation 3 below [29]:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Manganese sulfide (MnS) is known for its wide applications in solar cell, opto-electronic devices, and photochemical industries. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on the atomic and physical properties of MnS. The MnS powder sample was equally divided into two parts, referred as to be control and to be treated.

# data[].attributes.headline
Atomic & Physical Properties of Manganese Sulfide Powder

# data[].attributes.subject
Atomic & Physical Properties of Manganese Sulfide Powder

# data[].attributes.body
| Visit the link, to know about how the biofield energy treatment could alter the properties of manganese sulfide powder as compare to untreated sample.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder" by Mahendra Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Manganese sulfide (MnS) is known for its wide applications in solar cell, opto-electronic devices, and photochemical industries. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on the atomic and physical properties of MnS. The MnS powder sample was equally divided into two parts, referred as to be control and to be treated.

# data[].attributes.headline
Analysis of Manganese Sulfide Properties

# data[].attributes.subject
Analysis of Manganese Sulfide Properties

# data[].attributes.body
| The aim of the current study was to assess the influence of human energy treatment on the atomic and physical properties of Manganese Sulfide powder. Follow the link for more information.

# data[].attributes.headline
FT-IR Analysis of Manganese Sulfide Powder

# data[].attributes.subject
FT-IR Analysis of Manganese Sulfide Powder

# data[].attributes.body
| The FT-IR analysis of the Manganese Sulfide Powder was performed after its sample was subjected to a unique non-touch human energy treatment and the treated sample was then studied for the changes compared to the untreated sample.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Manganese sulfide (MnS) is known for its wide applications in solar cell, opto-electronic devices, and photochemical industries. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on the atomic and physical properties

# data[].attributes.headline
Crystalline Nature of Manganese Sulfide Powder

# data[].attributes.subject
Crystalline Nature of Manganese Sulfide Powder

# data[].attributes.body
| The effect of biofield energy treatment on the atomic and physical properties of MnS was analyzed and the results shows the changes in crystalline nature of Manganese Sulfide powder treated from the biofield energy as compared to the untreated sample.

# data[].attributes.body
| The XRD analysis of MnS (Manganese Sulfide) shows alteration in lattice parameter, unit cell volume, density, and molecular weight of the treated sample as compared to the control.

# data[].attributes.body
| The objective of this research is to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on the properties of Manganese Sulfide Powder. Follow the link, for further details.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder :: Science Publishing Group

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Manganese sulfide (MnS) is known for its wide applications in solar cell, opto-electronic devices, and photochemical industries. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on the atomic and physical properties of MnS. The MnS powder sample was equally divided into two parts, referred as to be control and to be treated.