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I can define in my own words what is learning?

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I can understand the 5 schedules of reinforcement

Continuous reinforcement: Every instance of a behavior is reinforced

Ratio schedules: Reinforcement is based on the number of behaviors required

Interval schedules: Reinforcement is based on the passage of time

The Bobo Doll Study: Bandura

Purpose: Discover whether adult models that children imitated would be applied to situations not onvolving the adult model

1.) Two groups of 24 boys and girls were either exposed to an adult mode, M or F that expressed violent or nonviolent behavior when playing with toys.

2.) Mild aggression arousal tested

3.) The boys were more physically aggressive than girls.

Unethical, long lasting effects on aggression

Relevance: Aggression is a male typed behavior, males followed same sex model more than females followed same sex model.

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I can analyze Bandura and Seligman

Seligman: Learned Helplessness

Purpose: Controllable vs. Uncontrollable shock on later ablility to learn how to avoid shocks

Dogs placed in harness with blinders

Escape group and no escape group dog paired together

Escape dog could end shock

No escape group had no control over shocks

24 hours later, all the dogs were taken and they were tested in a box. Lights on both sides of box, lights on one side of the box, no escape group took the pain.

Escape and control groups had a lower percentage of failure and a faster escape time

Unethical, no debriefing, afflicted pain, and there was no consent or reason to harm the doggos.

Relevance: Hopelessness can cause depression, helps analyze depression.

Bandura:

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I can understand Pavlov's research study

Ivan Pavlov was originally a physiologist, not a psychologist

1.) Pavlov introduced various foods and non food substances to the doggos and observed their observations. The doggos had a tube stuck in their cheeks and their saliva was redirected to a measurable container

2.) Unconditioned stimulus - Food

Conditioned smell of of vanilla and visual stimulus .

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I can understand Watson and Garcia's research studies

Garcia - Taste Aversion

1.) The rats will be given saccharin and then 30 minutes later be exposed to x irradiation and become sick
2.) 3 days later the rats will be offered the saccharin again and the results will be recorded
3.) At the same time there will be another group of rats that will be given no saccharin before being exposed to the x irradiation
4.) They'll be offered saccharin

the rats associates the saccharin with sickness, and the rats in the control group liked the drink.

Garcia's research contradicted much of what was previously understood about classical conditioning, many people were unconvinced. Garcia demonstrated that in some cases, the type of neutral stimulus used does have an influence on the conditioning process.

John Watson: Dissecting Research

Researches: Watson and Raynor

The purpose of this study with Little Albert is to challenge Freu's theory, about biological and instinctual processes, with Watson's behaviorist theory. His theory is related to Classical Conditioning.

1.) Watson took a 9 month old orphan baby (Albert) ti test the hypothesis
2.) Albert was presented with various objects and observed closely to see the reaction (neutral stimulus)
3.) Watson made frightening noises whenever Albert was presented with white fluffy objects
4.) The white fluffy objects become a conditioned stimulus that elicited a conditioned response.

This created Methodological Behaviorism: Psychology should be concerned with behavior not mental states

This was unethical. No reconditioning.

Study showed that behaviors such as emotions are taught. Freud is wrong, brain develops emotions connected with stimuli.

The unconditioned stimulus produces a natural unconditioned response

neutral stimulus and UCS is UCR

CS created CR

Acquisition - process of pairing the stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus together. Response strength will get stronger

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I can understand Thorndike and Skinner's research projects

Skinner -

Skinner wanted to do experimental research to study behavior and find the effects if rewards/reinforcements on behavior, and he wanted to focus on the events following the response.

He put the hungry or thirsty rat in the Skinner Box, and would observe initial behavior. Every time the rat would pull on the lever he would then apply positive reinforcement.

Operant conditioning: OF a response (the operant) is followed by a reinforcing stimulus, response strength is increased.

Schedule of Reinforcements :

Fixed ratio - Schedule of reinforcement where a response if reinforced only after a specific number of responses

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I can apply behavior modifications

- My little brother doesn't listen to me and plays on his Xbox headset all day, plus he never takes care of the dog, so he's irresponsible.

4 Methods of Learning

1.) Trial and Error
2.) Operant Conditioning (Behaviors have consequences)
3.) Classical Conditioning (Associative Learning)
4.) Observational Learning (Monkey see, monkey do)

Positive Add

Negative Subtract

PP - reward for good behavior

PR -

NP

NR