# data[].attributes.body
all my success
all of my work was worth it.

# data[].attributes.body
the basic physical and organizational structures and facilites needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

# data[].attributes.body
a section or speech at the end of a book or play that serves as a comment on or a conclusion to what has happened.

# data[].attributes.body
an expression designed to call something to mind with out mentioning it explicitly ; an indirect or passing refernce.

# data[].attributes.body
google says it is capital invested in a project in which there is substantial element of risk, typically a new or expanding buissness.

# data[].attributes.body
William did not know anything about silicon valley but they compared william to silicon valley.

# data[].attributes.body
Africans bend what little they have to their will everyday. Using creativity, they overcome africas challenges. Where the world see's trash, africa recycles. Where the world see's junk africa see rebirth."

# data[].attributes.body
he has cool glasses
he felt kinda obligated to give william what he deserved.

# data[].attributes.body
the start of new things
going out of poverty.

# data[].attributes.body
TED stands for technology, entertainment and design. Ted represents the spread of new ideas.

# data[].attributes.body
recognition of someones feelings. william building his windmill allowed him to show his feelings to other professionals.

# data[].attributes.body
he made sure that william was put back in school.

# data[].attributes.body
diseases

# data[].attributes.body
AIDS: a disease in which there is s severe loss of the body's cellular immunity, greatly lowering the resistance to infection malignancy.
HIV: sexually transmitted diease.

# data[].attributes.body
when something went wrong the only thing that was changed and different was the thing that William created; the windmill.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
DAKAR (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Two former students from Burkina Faso have designed a mosquito-repellent soap, which they hope could be a simple and affordable solution in the fight to end malaria, but more funds are needed to test the idea, according to the startup behind it.

Moctar Dembélé and Gérard Niyondiko, the brains behind Faso Soap, were awarded a $25,000 prize for their invention in 2013 when they became the first African winners of the Global Social Venture Competition at the University of California Berkeley.

Yet Faso Soap must be tested to ensure it is safe for human use and effective at preventing malaria before it can be mass produced by soap manufacturers in Africa, said Franck Langevin, campaigns director for the Ouagadougou-based startup.

The soap, created from natural oils and plants, could prove successful in preventing malaria as it would be cheap and rely on existing habits of African households, Langevin said.

"People in Africa are very reluctant to change their habits, but soap is present in most homes, and is used for bathing, cleaning the house and washing clothes," he said.

The soap is designed to repel mosquitoes up to six hours after being applied, and once soapy water is thrown away on the street, hinder the insects from breeding in stagnant water.

"It is a simple and affordable weapon in the fight against malaria," Langevin told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.

Last month, Faso Soap launched a crowd funding appeal for $113,000 to finalize the development of the soap with the aim of distributing it in six African countries hardest-hit by malaria by 2018, working with soap manufacturers and aid agencies.

Last year, there were 214 million cases of malaria worldwide with the mosquito-borne disease killing 438,000 people, most of them in sub-Saharan Africa.

Jo Lines, reader of malaria control and vector biology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, praised the idea behind the soap, but said it would be dangerous to rely on an untested product to protect against malaria.

As a social startup, Langevin said Faso Soap has struggled to attract funding from donors, including the World Health Organisation (WHO) and United Nations children's agency (UNICEF), prompting the inventors to turn to crowd funding.

World leaders committed to ending malaria by 2030 when they adopted the Sustainable Development Goals last year.

Europe last month became the first region to be declared malaria-free after reporting no indigenous cases in 2015, and a former WHO official said the world can eliminate the disease soon, but only with more investment to end and keep it at bay.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Mosquito-repellent soap invention seeks to wash away Africa malaria threat

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Two former students from Burkina Faso have designed a mosquito-repellent soap, which they hope could be a simple and affordable solution in the fight to end malaria, but more funds are needed to test the idea, according to the startup behind it.

# data[].attributes.body
fuel that is flammable.

# data[].attributes.body
trial and error.

# data[].attributes.headline
what does "grooving through life mean?" (13)

# data[].attributes.subject
what does "grooving through life mean?" (13)

# data[].attributes.body
in africa they use this term to say just living, with no plan, kinda just waiting to die.

# data[].attributes.body
name of the chapter: how his hard work pays off.
his hard work went viral.

# data[].attributes.body
he now can provide light for not only his family but his whole village.  he then got noticed and can now provide for all of his sisters to go to school.

# data[].attributes.body
he add's concrete underneath his windmill so the wood doesn't rot.

# data[].attributes.body
step up transformer- a transformer that increases voltage from primary to secondary.
Michel Faraday is an english scientist who died at the age of 76, he discovered the electromagnet and his discoveries laid laws for many areas of science.
a circuit breaker is an automatic device for stopping the flow of current in an electric current as a safety measure.
this is a circuit breaker below:
three uses for a circuit breaker includes: lights, a heater, and home electrical panels.

# data[].attributes.body
wind energy.
Williams start of trial and error.

# data[].attributes.body
chapter 10- the madman
finding the good in the trash.

# data[].attributes.body
the quality of being thankful.

# data[].attributes.body
cross braces help create more support for the base of the design.
you could use any materials to make a windmill.

# data[].attributes.body
name of chapter- self learning
williams discovery of self learning.

# data[].attributes.body
Kinetic Energy- energy that possesses by a virtue of being in motion.
Diode- a semi conductor

device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of the current in one direction only.
Electroscope- an insturment for detecting and measuring electricity, espically as an indication of the ionization of air by radio activity.
Electromagnetic energy- a form of energy that can be reflected or emitted from objects from electrical or magnetic waves traveling through space.

# data[].attributes.headline
The video and Williams relationship. (9)

# data[].attributes.subject
The video and Williams relationship. (9)

# data[].attributes.body
Both of the schooling conditions were rough there and they both have crappy leaders that expect too much from them.

# data[].attributes.body
a disease that causes you to have extremely watery diarrhea.

# data[].attributes.body
I think it was truly a cold hearted choice. I think he was peer pressured into this. I love pets and I know William does too. Imagine how lonely and scared this dog was. I know this dog probably wanted to be out of his misery but he dog still had love towards the people, I guess it was like betrayal.

# data[].attributes.body
name the chapter: Sickness

sais: we were all slowly dying but some of us were struggling a bit more.

# data[].attributes.headline
Is society obligated to take care of the sick?(7

# data[].attributes.subject
Is society obligated to take care of the sick?(7

# data[].attributes.body
I think that society sets a lot of the worlds problems up. I personally think that society has made the world the way it is today so it should recognize it's problems and take care of them.

# data[].attributes.body
malaria is a disease caused by a parasite, transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquitoes.
1.malaria is not contagious.
2.more common in rural areas.
3.more common in females
4.the fix to this is nets around your bed.
5.can cause death if it gets that severe.

# data[].attributes.body
name the chapter: broken morals.
summary in one sentence: we were all starving, it's just some of us went about in terrible ways.

# data[].attributes.body
The famine caused a lot of people to do things that they wouldn't do. During the famine certain people began doing anything for food like jumping people, jumping mothers with their children on their back

# data[].attributes.body
the study of the normal function in living systems.

# data[].attributes.body
this photo was taken in 2015. The affect of the famine he is going through caused him to be extremely bloated.

# data[].attributes.body
donate to Africa has many topics that they bring to attention such as water, health care, famine, AIDS/HIV. After addressing all of these life threatening problems they have a plan for you to help.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
Donate to Africa | Help us raise money for disasters

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Learn More

Famine is one of the main problems experienced by various African nations. This condition is caused by the prevalence of food shortage which can lead to starvation or malnutrition. This is a result of several factors such as overpopulation, harsh weather conditions, poor crafting or execution of government policies, occurrence of pests, crop failure, unavailability of resources for capital, lack of technological innovations and others. Many countries around the world experience famine. However, among the hardest hit are the nations of the African continent.

With much of sub-Saharan Africa receiving less than the required amount of rainfall each year, famine has become an annual occurrence that takes thousands of lives. Famine is mainly fueled by droughts, wars and mismanagement of food policies by governments. Lack of rainfall and deforestation have been the main causes of famine. 45% of Africa's farmland no longer has the basic nutrients needed to grow crops. Diseases like AIDs and Malaria have killed or disrupted thousands of families of African workers leading to famine

To avoid needless deaths from famine like those that happened in 2011, we need to respond to early warnings and come up with measures that help prepare for famine outbreaks. Donate to Africa is looking for donations from individuals and organizations ; The donations will help us prepare for assistance during drought seasons and also assist during famine to provide medicines and other necessary items. Famine mostly affects children ,women and the elderly and mainly the poor making it one of the causes that we need to respond to as quickly as possible in order to save lives.

Widespread cases of famine across the African continent have been recorded as early as mid-22nd century B.C.E. According to historical accounts, this was the result of a sudden climatic change in the region which brought about a reduced volume of rainfall. This eventually caused drought in the area which is still experienced today.

Occurrences of civil conflicts in the area throughout history are also the cause of this great problem. Due to wars among neighboring nations, tribes, and colonial occupations, finding a place to stay and grow crops are virtually impossible for the people. The ravaging effects of war have caused people to migrate from one place to another which do not permit them to tend to their crops.

In addition, pests and other diseases affecting crops cause this. The lack of technology and advanced pest control methods prevent them from addressing these issues. The lack of capital and resources for farming like seeds and equipment can be attributed to the widespread famine in the area too.

This problem can lead to malnutrition and starvation that ultimately leads to ailments or even death in many instances. Historical accounts alone in the 1900's record around 300,000 Rwandans who died of starvation due to drought. In 1967 to 1969, approximately 1.5 million died from famine which was mainly the cause of the Nigerian Civil War. To add to this, 500,000 people died in West and Central Africa.

In the present decade, this is still experienced in a large scale all throughout this continent. Climatic change, pest problems, plant diseases and political conflicts are still the main causes of this condition. Around 2.4 to 3.6 million people alone in the Niger area are at risk of food scarcity, wherein 800,000 were assessed to be in extreme cases. Then in 2011, a heat wave endangered 1.5 million Nigerians which exposed them to famine.

This is indeed a very alarming problem in the regions of Africa that needs to be addressed right away. People die in every second that passes by. In order to address this problem, interventions must be made by more progressive nations, institutions and concerned people. Feeding them coupled with a sustainable development must be primed in that area for every household to achieve food security. But of course, projects and other forms of development cannot be introduced effectively without the proper budget or capital for it. So donations can really help in jump-starting and effective implementation of programs that will cater to the needs of the people there. A global information campaign should also be conducted so that people will become aware of the situation in the area.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Famine is one of the main problems experienced by various African nations. This condition is caused by the prevalence of food shortage which can lead to starvation or malnutrition. This is a result of several factors such as overpopulation, harsh weather conditions, poor crafting or execution of government policies, occurrence of pests, crop failure, unavailability of resources for capital, lack of technological innovations and others.

# data[].attributes.body
Marriages are usually arranged. Woman are put into the family to take care of the family and clean and such.

African Famine(6)
Harvest is usually a time of celebration, but if the Harvest does not carry on then you waste the whole harvest season.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
arvest should be the time for celebrations, weddings and full bellies in southern Malawi. But Christopher Witimani, Lilian Matafle and their seven children and four grandchildren had nothing to celebrate last week as they picked their meagre maize crop.

Last year's drought, followed by erratic rains, hit the village of Nkhotakota hard. But this year the rains never came and, for a second year running, the family grain store is empty. If they manage their savings carefully and eat just one small meal a day, they may just have enough food for two more months.

By August, said Irish charity Concern Worldwide, they and tens of thousands of other small farmers in southern Malawi will have completely run out of food, with no prospect of another harvest for at least seven months. With nothing to sell and no chance of earning money, Witimani, Matafle and family will starve.

"I am worried the children will starve to death. I don't know what to do," said Matafle.

"We need food. We are in a desperate situation," her husband added.

Countries are just waking up to the most serious global food crisis of the last 25 years. Caused by the strongest El Niño weather event since 1982, droughts and heatwaves have ravaged much of India, Latin America and parts of south-east Asia. But the worst effects of this natural phenomenon, which begins with waters warming in the equatorial Pacific, are to be found in southern Africa. A second consecutive year without rain now threatens catastrophe for some of the poorest people in the world.

The scale of the crisis unfolding in 10 or more southern African countries has shocked the United Nations. Lulled into thinking that Ethiopia in 1985 was the last of the large-scale famines affecting many millions, donor countries have been slow to pledge funds or support. More than $650m and 7.9m tonnes of food are needed immediately, says the UN. By Christmas, the situation will have become severe.

Malawi, Mozambique, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Madagascar, Angola and Swaziland have already declared national emergencies or disasters, as have seven of South Africa's nine provinces. Other countries, including Botswana and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, have also been badly hit. President Robert Mugabe has appealed for $1.5bn to buy food for Zimbabwe and Malawi is expected to declare that more than 8 million people, or half the country, will need food aid by November.

Serena Gadinala, from the in Neno district of Malawi, has tried different planting techniques but nothing worked and her crops continue to wilt. Photograph: Tamara van Vliet/OCHA

More than 31 million people in the region are said by the UN to need food now, but this number is expected to rise to at least 49 million across almost all of southern Africa by Christmas. With 12 million more hungry people in Ethiopia, 7 million in Yemen, 6 million in Southern Sudan and more in the Central African Republic and Chad, a continent-scale food crisis is unfolding.

"Food security across southern Africa will start deteriorating by July, reaching its peak between December 2016 and April 2017," says the UN's office for humanitarian affairs. The regional cereal deficit already stands at 7.9m tonnes and continues to put upward pressure on market prices, which are already showing unprecedented increases, diminishing purchasing power and thereby reducing food access. As food insecurity tightens and water scarcity increases due to the drought, there are early signs of acute malnutrition in Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabawe.

For Coco Ushiyama, head of the UN's World Food Programme in Lilongwe, Malawi's capital, just working out how to import a million tonnes of food, needed to support between five million and eight million people in Malawi over the next 12 months, is proving nightmarishly difficult. With no guarantees of money from donors, she cannot buy the food on the open market, or book ships and transport.

"We are very concerned. Last year, like many other countries in the region, Malawi had a double disaster with erratic rains and then floods which led into droughts," said Ushiyama. "Last year, 2.8 million people were affected. Then we had a deficit of 220,000 tonnes of food. This year, we are anticipating it will be four times as bad. The maize price is already exceptionally high.

"We are monitoring 50 markets throughout the country and already they are seeing abnormally high prices. We have very worryingly high admission rates for childhood malnutrition in health clinics. In some areas it is very serious already and it is likely to get much more serious. It will be a regional issue," she said.

The government has declared a disaster and will publish a new assessment of its needs in the next few weeks. The vice-president, Saulos Chilima, has said that about 1.3m tonnes of maize will be needed.

Politicians may talk of going on to the world market to buy a million tonnes of maize, but Ushiyama is unsure where it will come from. There is usually enough food in the region, but South Africa, which usually exports a million tonnes of food a year, will need to import 3.5m tonnes this year. Only Zambia may have enough food to export and it has imposed restrictions, she said.

"South Africa is in trouble. Nearby Zambia has had a better harvest than most countries but it has put export restrictions on its food. If we import it [from outside Africa], the food will take four to six months [to arrive]. We have learned from experience that the rains start in November so the roads will be terrible when the food is most needed and some lorry drivers will refuse to come. By November, we will need to have pre-positioned food in key areas. But to get it there by then means ordering the food right now," she said.

People are divide pulses among themselves at a United Nations World Food Programme food distribution centre in Chikwawa district, Malawi. Photograph: Tamara van Vliet/OCHA

Finding the cash to feed possibly 50 million people for eight or more months is the biggest problem of all, says the UN, because Africa's slow-burn crisis must compete with Middle East wars, refugees and natural disasters for attention. According to the UN, which is holding an unprecedented humanitarian summit this week in Istanbul, 125 million people worldwide need long-term assistance and a further 60 million have been forced from their homes by war, violence and disaster.

More than $1.5bn has been requested by southern African governments, says Ocha, the UN's Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, but less than a quarter of this has been pledged. Officially, the deficit is $677 million (87%) but this will grow when countries complete their assessments of the harvests in the next few weeks.

"The window for responding in a meaningful manner is closing rapidly," said Shadrack Omol, senior adviser to the UN children's fund, Unicef. "The concern is that slow-onset emergencies, like the one we are dealing with in southern Africa, do not get enough attention because they creep up on us."

John Makina, Oxfam country director in Malawi, said: "The donors just do not have the money; there is donor fatigue. Malawi has been hit by drought, then floods, then drought. The donors are getting tired of it. In 2015, Malawi alone needed $170m. In 2016-17, it will be far more.

"The full impact will be felt from October to March 2017. It's looking really bad. The most affected will be the poorest and jobless. They will end up selling what little they possess. The price of maize flour has already gone to 9,000 kwachas (£8.70) for 50kg. It will double again for sure," he said.

International development minister Nick Hurd, who has visited Mozambique, wants Britain to lead the humanitarian effort. But money cannot be given directly to the country following a corruption scandal, and the government must work through a consortium of NGOs, providing food vouchers, medical aid and food-for-work schemes.

"We cannot and will not stand idly by while millions suffer. Britain is playing a leading role in helping countries across Africa to cope with the impact of El Niño. Support for people affected by El Niño is important to Africa and also firmly in Britain's national interest," says Hurd.

In villages across southern Africa, people are fearful, unsure how they will survive. In Mozambique, where Britain is contributing £11.8m over three years, some food aid has arrived in the village of Mblalava.

A farmer tries to grow crops with the help of a United Nations supported irrigation scheme in the Neno district of Malawi. Photograph: Tamara van Vliet/OCHA

The women are ecstatic: "It's been two and a half years since we had good rain," said Rosita Chauque, a mother of three. "When the drought started we used to be able to find vegetables in the bush, but even these have gone now. We used to make and sell charcoal, but there are so many other people doing that now it's not possible. We have thought of leaving, but where to? We have no crops in the fields, no food for the cattle and nothing for ourselves. There is no water, no grass. People are selling their animals. They have no other resources. There is a lot of suffering."

"The situation is critical," said Abdoulaye Balde, the World Food Programme country director in Mozambique's capital, Maputo. "We are at the point of no return."

Droughts and "hungry seasons" are common throughout southern Africa, but the breadth of this year's crisis is very unusual, says Caoimhe de Barra, Malawi country director of Concern Worldwide. Her frontline workers see rural people already employing traditional coping strategies, including eating wild foods, taking children out of school, selling their animals and assets.

"Early action is key. If we can start supporting people now, we can save lives and prevent an even worse situation later this year. People are not currently dying of hunger but the overall health of the population will be severely affected by hunger-related illnesses. Malnutrition will blight the life chances of countless more Malawian children," she said.

The secretary general of the International Red Cross, Elhadj As Sy, who visited Malawi and Zimbabwe last week, said: "Much more needs to be done to support communities to survive and strive over the coming months. We met families who have received no external support and who are simply desperate. We need to urgently scale up our interventions to prevent this situation from becoming a catastrophe," he said.

Relief from Africa's long drought may finally be coming, says the World Meteorological Organisation, which is monitoring the temperature of waters in the Pacific. These are said to be cooling rapidly and are expected to be "neutral" by mid-June. That, says the UN, signals the coming end of the El Niño, the droughts and the worldwide heatwaves.

The effects, however, will not be felt in southern Africa until April 2017 when the next main harvest should be in. But, says the WMO, there may be a sting in the tale. There is a 50:50 chance that the continent will be hit from September by El Niño's climatic "twin", known as La Niña, which develops as the Pacific Ocean equatorial waters cool after an El Niño.

Instead of droughts, La Niña usually brings heavier monsoon rains in south-east Asia and much cooler and wetter conditions in southern Africa.

"We pray hard for rain and then we must pray harder that it stops. Is there no end of extreme weather?" said Malawian villager Richard Kapenda.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Across Africa, the worst food crisis since 1985 looms for 50 million

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A second year without rain threatens to bring catastrophe for some of the poorest people in the world. Donor countries, in the grip of wars and refugee crises, have been slow to pledge funds. But by the time they do, it could be too late

# data[].attributes.headline
(5)the beginning of our long terrible famine.

# data[].attributes.subject
(5)the beginning of our long terrible famine.

# data[].attributes.body
"it's time to start cutting back. We need to stretch out what we have."
Malawi grew in a deep depression.

# data[].attributes.body
genocide is like a mass murder.
The group known as the "tutsi's" were slaughtered by the "Hutu" government.

# data[].attributes.body
Red blood cells carry oxygen to all of the body’s tissues, so a low red blood cell count indicates that the amount of oxygen in your blood is lower than it should be.  I got this information from google.

# data[].attributes.headline
five signs that show impending famine:(5)

# data[].attributes.subject
five signs that show impending famine:(5)

# data[].attributes.body
people start acting up because they are so hungry.
families begin savoring their food.
prices on maize begin raising to ridiculous amounts.
people begin eating anything that edible such as gaga even if it doesn't take good.
bloated tummies or unhealthy skinny.

# data[].attributes.body
Deforestation is known as the clearing or removal of forest.
Deforestation has already wiped out more than 90% of west Africa.
"Without the trees the rain turns to floods, and wash away the soil and it's minerals. This water along with garbage clogg the river. With no crops to sell because of the flooding and no electricity because the river is clogged, many people cut down trees to get money to feed their families. That goes on and on in a cycle."

# data[].attributes.body
direct current always flows in one direction.
alternating current reverses.

# data[].attributes.body
bicycle dynamo's provide unlimited light.
run on a parallel circuit.
the circuit is super simple.
runs on a rotating magnet.

# data[].attributes.body
I discovered self education.

# data[].attributes.body
"I became very interested in how things worked but I never thought of this as science."

# data[].attributes.body
picture to describe chapter four:

# data[].attributes.body
"I saw a lamp flickering inside and found my father there alone, staring at the sacks as if he'd just asked them a question. Whatever they told him, I'd find out soon enough."

# data[].attributes.body
"By February, the stalks were wilted and hunched towards the ground like a an old woman

# data[].attributes.body
In December the fields are thick and muddy.
May through September the harvest is still carrying strong.
December is also when people must buy fertilizer, after Christmas and new years most of the food is gone.
By January "most people are forced to tighten their belts and wait until harvest." January is known as the "hungry season" In December and January are when they plant seeds.
By February the stalks are thick and growing.
By May the stalks are well over head.

# data[].attributes.body
sustainable: able to be maintained at a certain rate or level.
ethical: branch of philosophy
feasible: likely

Scientist urge starving people to eat grasshoppers.
Insects are eaten mostly because when rainfall occurs crops are ruined which then attracts insects.
Grasshoppers have more nutrients than red meat.
It is most common to dry and fry insects.
Certain types of grasshoppers are native to Africa so it's easy to get to.

# data[].attributes.body
Curiosity promotes questioning and overthinking and in some way's overthinking isn't really the best but overthinking in many ways promotes growth in learning.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
How To Learn | World's Leading Site for Learning Resources

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
"I think, at a child's birth, if a mother could ask a fairy godmother to endow it with the most useful gift, that gift would be curiosity." ~Eleanor Roosevelt
If you're a parent, you know that babies are born with limitless curiosity. Just think about all of the things your little ones touch, grab, climb on, stare at, put in their mouths, etc. But for many kids, as they grow their curiosity is dulled. And by the time they reach adulthood, they're merely going through the motions necessary to make it through each day instead of actively trying to understand and shape the world around them. Why is that?

"In a nutshell, we've stopped placing an emphasis on the importance of curiosity," says Victoria Ryan O'Toole, creator of the Molly Moccasins story, game, and activity book series for children. "We all live in a culture that depends on TVs, computers, smartphones, books, magazines, and other people to keep us constantly occupied and entertained. Think of all the adults (and even kids!) you know who would have absolutely no idea what to do with themselves if you left them alone and took away their electronics."

Curiosity, says O'Toole, is the antidote to this plugged-in, entertainment-dependent lifestyle because it encourages and allows individuals to be intellectually self-sufficient.

"Stimulating your children's curiosity is a wonderful gift because it enables them to continually learn, grow, and question the world they live in," she comments. "It also helps them to develop a healthy imagination and sense of creativity, and sets them up for a successful future."

O'Toole created her popular Molly Moccasins series, which features a bright, imaginative, and curious girl named Molly, to inspire young readers to find meaning, knowledge, and adventure in everyday life. As they follow Molly on her almost 70 story adventures through backyards, museums, farms, libraries, forests, and (much!) more, kids will learn to ask new questions, observe new things, and develop an increased curiosity about the world around them.

Here, O'Toole shares seven compelling reasons why curiosity is such a valuable skill for kids to develop.

It's a high complement to the hard skill set. In today's hyper-competitive academic environment, parents tend to be zoom-focused on their kids' "hard" skill sets: reading, writing, 'rithmetic, etc. What they often don't realize is that "soft" skills like curiosity and creativity are what give academic knowledge its power and usefulness in the real world. The truth is, curiosity and creativity are some of the most valuable skills young people can have as they prepare to enter the global economy. As professionals, they'll have to innovate on the go, think of better ways to solve old problems, create time- and money-saving solutions, and much more.

"When a child is constantly asking questions and displaying curiosity about the world around her, she's already well on her way to creating solutions," asserts O'Toole. "I recently attended an edu-event where this point was made in an unexpected way. A speaker broke down the process that engineers use to design and build amazing things: Ask, Imagine, Plan, Design, and Create. Most of us don't tend to think of engineering, a very 'technical' job, as being dependent on curiosity and imagination-but it is! So the next time your child wants to build a rocket ship out of a box so that she can explore outer space, don't redirect her to a more 'educational' activity. She's developing a skill set that will serve her well throughout her life."

It cultivates an active mind. While you might sometimes fear that you'll explode if your child asks you "why?" one more time, overall, those questions are a good thing. They're a sign of an active mind that's constantly analyzing the world and trying to figure it out. Admit it: You'd be concerned if your child accepted everything around her with nary a protest or murmur!

"As long as a child is curious, she'll be exposed to new facts and ideas, and the metaphorical wheels in her head will be in continuous motion," points out O'Toole. "This is the kind of mental activity that fosters true learning, not just good grades. (Unfortunately, many parents tend to place too much emphasis on the latter, and not enough on the former.) Curiosity is also the force that drives personal development, because thinking through new concepts and ideas is what allows us to mature and to develop more nuanced, open-minded worldviews."

It counteracts boredom. The fact is, even the most attentive parents can't keep their children entertained 24/7. Sooner or later, that new electronic game will get old, your youngster will become too squirmy to sit still and watch TV, or he'll lose patience with the fact that your attention is elsewhere. And if his natural curiosity isn't able to redirect his interest, the dreaded B-word- boredom -will strike. And that's when trouble often starts.

"A child who is bored might act out in order to bring adults' attention back to him-hello, tears and tantrums!" O'Toole points out. "Over time, this child might be overly attached to Mom and Dad because he depends on them to keep him entertained, he might become a couch potato or PlayStation addict, and it's possible that he'll lack an overall sense of motivation throughout his life, to name just a few things. And as easily bored kids get older, the stakes get higher: How many teenagers engage in dangerous behaviors because 'there was nothing else to do'?"

It encourages self-sufficiency. All parents want to raise children who can take care of themselves in a variety of situations, and who don't constantly rely on others to bail them out. Once again, curiosity is a big part of how parents can make this desire a reality. For many of the same reasons why curiosity sparks creativity, it also encourages kids to be self-sufficient. The progression goes like this: Child has a problem or question. Curiosity prompts child to ask "How can I solve this?" or "Why?" Child acts on the answer she comes up with instead of waiting for an adult to "take care of it."

"For a young child, this sense of curiosity-driven self-sufficiency might manifest itself in putting together her own very unique, somewhat mismatched outfit in the morning," O'Toole explains. "An older child might set up a lemonade stand or arrange to do chores for an elderly neighbor so that she can raise the money to buy the new bike she wants. Essentially, curiosity is an essential tool in enabling children to solve their own problems. You can also think of it as extra insurance against having your adult child take up residence in your basement!"

It inspires persistence. You've heard the term "burning curiosity" before. It refers to a too-strong-to-be-dismissed impulse to know why, how, what, etc. You've probably seen this in action before: When your curious child really wants to know why the dinosaurs died, for example, he won't be satisfied with a one-sentence answer. He'll keep asking you to explain what you know, and he may even take the initiative to read books, to do research online, or perhaps even to build a dinosaur out of papier-mâché.

"Persistence sparked by curiosity is the difference between the child who memorizes facts and methods for the sake of a good report card and the child who voluntarily reads science articles or novels outside of school," O'Toole says. "Curiosity will also foster resilience (which is an important component of persistence): If your children want to know what's over the next hill badly enough, they'll be motivated to get back up and keep climbing whenever they stumble and fall."

It counteracts self-absorption. As a rule, curious people are very aware of how much they don't know. Because they're always asking questions and seeking answers, they have a more fully developed view of the world and how it works, which makes them less likely to think they're the center of it.

"When they achieve one goal, curious people will soon be driven to pursue the next milestone instead of sitting on their laurels, patting themselves on the back, and demanding accolades," adds O'Toole. "For a generation of youngsters who have developed a reputation for being selfish, spoiled, entitled, and materialistic, this is key!"

It sets kids up for long-term success. Throughout history, it's always the people who ask "Why?" or "How can I make this better?" or "What is the solution to this problem?" who make the biggest impacts on our world. (Think about individuals ranging from Leonardo da Vinci to Marie Curie to Steve Jobs.) On a smaller, but no less valuable scale, those who ask questions and refuse to accept the status quo transform companies, lead communities, live adventurous lives, and are most fulfilled personally.

"Of course, the opposite is true as well," O'Toole warns. "Adults who aren't curious may do well enough in the world, but they rarely influence it. They're the people in your office who do what's expected of them, but no more. They're the couch potatoes who don't seem to have any interest in meaningful hobbies. They're not the people you want your children to grow up to be. Instead, you want your children to always wonder what life has to offer next, both personally and professionally, and go after it!"

"The best news of all for parents is that you don't have to create curiosity from scratch," O'Toole concludes. "Remember, it's something your children were born with. Your job is to learn how to foster and encourage your children's natural impulses to ask questions and learn new things. You may be surprised by how much fun you have in the process!"

Victoria Ryan O'Toole is the author of the popular Molly Moccasins books, apps, games, and activity series. The first dictionary that O'Toole ever received was inscribed with a powerful message from her favorite uncle: "A curious mind is never bored." As soon as she read that line, she knew life would never be boring-and it never has been.

O'Toole's first children's book series, Molly Moccasins, is evidence of Victoria's optimistic perspective. Molly Moccasins finds meaning, knowledge, and adventure in everyday life-just as Victoria has since she was young. Now Victoria has written and published nearly 70 Molly Moccasins stories for the series, which have sold in almost one hundred countries in less than a year.

She delights in her life in Southern California with her husband, twin daughters, and twin yellow labs, and is thrilled to be writing adventure stories that encourage children to use their imaginations and natural curiosities, just as she continues to use hers.

About Molly Moccasins:
The Molly Moccasins book series and advertising-free website are for all young adventurers who like to read, play, think, imagine, and investigate. The lead character, Molly, with her spirited imagination, slightly sophisticated vocabulary, and positive perspective, delights in some great adventures with her family, friends, and the people (and creatures) she encounters in her everyday life. The website is launching with nearly 70 stories and even more game options.

Using contemporary media, this unique story, game, and activity book series is for children, parents, and educators and can now be enjoyed in print and on almost all digital platforms: web, apps, ebooks, and audio books.
For more information, please visit MollyMoccasins.com. READ MORE articles about curiosity.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Why Curiosity Is The Most Important Skill To Teach Your Child - How To Learn | World's Leading Site for Learning Resources

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
"I think, at a child's birth, if a mother could ask a fairy godmother to endow it with the most useful gift, that gift would be curiosity." ~Eleanor Roosevelt If you're a parent, you know that babies are born with limitless curiosity. Just think about all of the things your little ones touch, grab, climb ...

# data[].attributes.headline
How William uses perseverance in chapter 10.

# data[].attributes.subject
How William uses perseverance in chapter 10.

# data[].attributes.body
William is able to get the items he needs from the junk yard, there is a lot of people his age making fun of him saying he is crazy. Although these people may see William has less fortunate they are all going through struggle, William is dealing with it in a much better way, going out, staying active and putting things to use. When you see a motor in a junkyard you think it's broken, because of the book William studies day after day, he is able to look at this "broken" object and know exactly how to make it more useful. Seeing kids tear you down and pick on you might make you think that you should just give up, William used perseverance through all the bullying.

# data[].attributes.body
Another inventor I have researched is Gayle Tzemach Lemmon who has changed foreign relations mainly for Afghanistan women.

# data[].attributes.body
one inventor I have researched is a woman named Loung Ung, when attempting to make a difference  in society in human rights, when attempting people first killed her father, she wrote a book on her story/journey. Today she is 46 years old.

# data[].attributes.body
girl school fees are different from guy school fees mainly because the man is the one who goes out and works to provide for the woman and kids.
the schools in Africa are very poor learning conditions especially considering how much the school fees are.

# data[].attributes.body
his terrible first experience with magic.

# data[].attributes.body
"Okay fine" he said "I'm going to beat you"

"That's what I was hoping you'd say"

# data[].attributes.body
a form of magic to give you super strength.
he learned that magic wasn't as powerful as he was told it was

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
[LILONGWE] Incorporating crop rotations, whether in conventional or conservation agriculture tillage systems, could help boost maize yields, according to a study in Malawi.

Researchers from the United States and Zimbabwe say that in Malawian smallholders' farms maize yields are low, resulting in low food production in the country.

The researchers compared three farming systems: no-till maize or continuous maize farming with the soil left relatively undisturbed from harvest to planting, growing maize with crops such as cassava and cowpea on soils that had previous season's residues, and planting crops such as sweet potatoes and beans on soils that had most crop residues cleared or burned.

"Incorporating crop rotations had the greatest impact on maize yields with yield increases ranging from 11 to 58 percent greater than continuous no-till maize."

Dan TerAvest, Washington State University

According to the study published last month (20 December) in Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, the crop rotations were implemented in two agro-ecological zones in Malawi: Nkhotakota and Dowa districts from 2011 to 2014. The researchers assessed the effect of the three farming systems on outcomes such as soil moisture content, earthworm abundance and crop production.

"Incorporating crop rotations-whether in conventional or conservation agriculture tillage systems-had the greatest impact on maize yields with yield increases ranging from 11 to 58 percent greater than continuous no-till maize," says Dan TerAvest, a co-author of the study and a postdoctoral researcher in soil science at the Washington State University in the United States."This is most likely due to a combination of factors such as improved soil fertility and quality, and reduced pest and disease pressure following rotation."

TerAvest adds that conservation agriculture could offer significant benefits to farmers in Malawi and the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa, but more effort is needed to determine what conditions are best suited to it, instead of promoting it to every farmer everywhere.

The study, he notes, also highlights the need to diversify conservation agriculture systems and incorporate crop rotations to maximise benefits, adding that the findings should help formulate interventions that are based on site-specific conditions instead of using blanket policy recommendations that may benefit only a portion of smallholders.

Francis Chilenga, a principal agricultural extension officer at the Karonga Agricultural Development Division, Malawi, agrees with the findings, stressing that different crops have different rooting depths, resulting in differences in how they draw nutrients and moisture from different layers.

"If [maize is] alternated with legumes, soil fertility is improved because legumes fix nitrogen in the soil," says Chilenga. "This calls for farmers to adopt conservation agriculture because, among others, it improves soil structure, water retention, organic matter content and fertility. All these lead to higher and more stable yields."

Elias Tambalale, a subsistence maize farmer from Traditional Authority Msakambewa in Dowa district, Malawi, tells SciDev.Net: "We have experienced before that when we change the crops we grow on our pieces of land, we get better yields than when we grow the same crop continuously."

Tambalale adds that agricultural extension officers have introduced conservation agriculture approaches such as minimum soil disturbance and total soil cover to smallholders.

"The findings give us more reason to believe what we are doing and that should help us boost yields," he says.

This piece was produced by SciDev.Net's Sub-Saharan Africa English desk.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Crop rotation increases maize yields in Malawi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
LILONGWE] Incorporating crop rotations, whether in conventional or conservation agriculture tillage systems, could help boost maize yields, according to a study in Malawi. Researchers from the United States and Zimbabwe say that in Malawian smallholders' farms maize yields are low, resulting in low food production in the country.

# data[].attributes.body
he was only 32 years old when he passed
he had tuberculosis
he had three sons

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Nestled between Zambia, Tanzania and Mozambique, Malawi has earned it's nickname as 'the warm heart of Africa'. And 'warm' is precisely the adjective I would use to describe Malawian music. There is a sunny optimism in much of the Malawian music I've heard, and after a grim weekend of cold, rain, and snow, here in Washington D.C., I figured I'd warm myself up with a few Malawian recordings from our collection.

One of the most popular styles of music in Malawi, in the late 1960s was South African Kwela; a driving dance music, powered by virtuoso penny whistle players. Migrant workers returning from South Africa and Zimbabwe brought kwela music to Malawi, and it was in Salisbury, the capital of the federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (which is now Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe), that Daniel and Donald Kachamba discovered Kwela music. When the brothers returned, in 1961, to Nyasaland (which became Malawi in 1964), they started to perform Kwela music on the streets, at markets, and in nightclubs. Daniel played the guitar, and his younger brother Donald was a penny whistle virtuoso; he had been playing the instrument since the age of six.

In 1967, the Austrian ethnomusicologist Gerhard Kubik heard the Kachamba brothers playing for a large crowd near the main market in Blantyre, Malawi's largest city. And at some point that same year, he brought the Kachamba brothers band to the United States Cultural Center in Blantyre. In February of 1968, the United States Information Service office in Blantyre, sent a four-song tape to the Voice of America, with the following description: 'enclosed is [a recording, made on December 4, 1967 of] an African combo consisting of four boys aged 7-16. They were recently discovered by a German musicologist who was researching African music in Malawi.'

In fact, at the time of these recordings Daniel was 20 years old (he was born in 1947, and passed away in 1987), and Donald was 14 (he was born in 1953, and passed away in 2001); two younger boys accompanied them, one playing the string bass, and the other the rattle. Donald's penny whistle playing on these two tracks is fantastic.

Let's jump ahead a couple of decades, with one of Malawi's most popular bandleaders of the late 1980s and 1990s, Robert Fumulani (he is the man crouching in the picture above). He was born, in 1948, in the city of Zomba (which is 40 miles northeast of Blantyre), and first started to draw the attention of Malawian audiences in the 1970s. During the 1980s, Fumulani won the Malawian 'Entertainer of the Year' award three times. And by the time he passed away, in 1998, his musical earnings had allowed him to open several businesses, including the Likhubula Entertainment Centre, his nightclub in Chileka (a suburb of Blantyre), and a cargo services company at Chileka airport. His musical legacy is kept alive by three of his seven sons; Anjiri, Musandide, and Chizondi- who are the core of the Black Missionaries, currently one of Malawi's most popular groups.

This track gives you a good idea of Fumulani's relaxed Afroma (a contraction of Afro-Malawian) groove. In this one Fumulani pleads with 'Patricia', he sings, 'don't leave us, stay with us, don't break up your family.'

One of the key ingredients of the Likhubula River Dance Band's sound was the guitar playing of Ernest Mapemba. Near the end of 'Mwana Wanga', or 'My Child', Mapemba breaks things down with some wonderfully relaxed playing.

This last track has got a nice reggae beat. Fumulani asks for guidance and advice.

Let's keep the reggae beat going with Evison Matafale, who before he passed away in 2001, was one of Malawi's most loved artists. In 2000, he surprised music fans with his debut release 'Kuyimba I', which became one of the year's best-selling releases. Matafale recorded the album with Robert Fumulani's three aforementioned sons, who after Evison passed away, renamed themselves the Black Missionaries.

In 2001, after a long battle with tuberculosis, Matafale released 'Kuyimba II'. He passed away several months later, however, dying suddenly while in police custody. He was only 32 years old. According to an article published by the BBC, Matafale's brother Elton believes Evison was killed, because of letters he had written to then-president Bakilu Muluzi, denouncing his government's policies. In 'Yang'ana Nkhope', Evison sings 'Look at my face, look at your face, we are all God's Children.'

Next up is Joseph Tembo, a great guitar player, from southern Malawi. He was born in 1997, in southern Malawi, and is a member of the Sena ethnic group, who are related to the Shona people of Zimbabwe. This relationship helps explain the similarities between Tembo's music and the Shona melodies and rhythms of Zimbabwean Chimurenga music.

This last song is by Coss Chiwalo, who for many years was (and may still be) the bandleader of the 'Alleluya Band', a Malawian musical institution. He was born in 1974 and has released three solo albums. 'Wakwatiwa', one of his biggest hits, is a song that is usually played at weddings. He sings of the joy of the bride and groom.

I hope the music hit the spot. I would like to thank Dr. John Lwanda of Pamtondo records for his help with research and song translations.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Nestled between Zambia, Tanzania and Mozambique, Malawi has earned it's nickname as 'the warm heart of Africa'. And 'warm' is precisely the adjective I would use to describe Malawian music. There is a sunny optimism in much of the Malawian music I've heard, and after a grim weekend of cold, rain, and snow, here in [...]

# data[].attributes.body
banda is 79 years old
banda was the president in Zambia from 2008 to 2011

The cult of personality is when an individual uses mass media or propaganda, this applied to Banda through colors of skin and immigration

# data[].attributes.body
they have a population of 2 million people

most population is in Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania

the majority of the Yao people are farmers

# data[].attributes.body
explaining how magic based they were, rather than science.

# data[].attributes.body
I chose this quote because it really shows that this is something to truly believed in.

# data[].attributes.body
"magic hyenas wander the villages at night, snatching several goats at once in their razor jaws and delivering them to the doorsteps of wizards. Magic lions are sent to kill delinquent debtors, and snakes the size of tractors can lie in wait for you in your fields."

# data[].attributes.body
I feel that this picture describes this chapter because this is what the people of Africa saw as magic or masks they found as scary

# data[].attributes.body
(2)

# data[].attributes.body
juju is like karma or magic.

# data[].attributes.body
These dancing characters represent all peoples ancestors, the dead coming back. The people find these people scary

# data[].attributes.body
common ideas that appear in plays, poems, etc.

# data[].attributes.body
subject of talk, a piece of writing, a person's thoughts or a topic

# data[].attributes.body
biography of personal knowledge.

# data[].attributes.body
A separate introductory section of literary or musical work.

# data[].attributes.body
annotation

# data[].attributes.body
different types of organization structures

# data[].attributes.body
parts of text

# data[].attributes.body
windmills have been used for roughly 2,000 years, first discovered in China

# data[].attributes.body
Commonly mistaken for an autobiography, A memoir is just a memory or a short time period. A memoir is always written in 1st p.o.v. Memoir's are full of details.