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Islamic art- The visual arts produced from the 7th century onward by people who lived within the territory that was inhabited by or ruled by culturally Islamic populations. ... It frequently includes secular elements and elements that are frowned upon, if not forbidden, by some Islamic theologians.  Calligraphy- decorative handwriting or handwritten lettering.

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Islamic architecture - Encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day. What today is known as Islamic architecture was influenced by Persian, Roman, Byzantine, and all other lands which the Muslims conquered in the 7th and 8th centuries. Mosque.-A Muslim place of worship.

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the empire itself emerged from Rome's decline and lasted until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453,[1] many Eastern Orthodox states in Eastern Europe, as well as to some degree the Muslim states of the eastern Mediterranean, preserved many aspects of the empire's culture and art for centuries afterward.image made from the assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials. It is often used in decorative art or as interior decoration. Most mosaics are made of small, flat, roughly square, pieces of stone or glass of different colors, known as tesserae. Some, especially floor mosaics, are made of small rounded pieces of stone, and called "pebble mosaics". Others are made of other materials.

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Why did the Romans build aqueducts?
The Romans built aqueducts throughout their domain and introduced water into the cities they built and occupied, increasing sanitary conditions.

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What is a insulae?
less fortunate lived in multi-story apartment buildings.

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What is a forum?
a large open plaza, surrounded by important buildings), which was the civic, religious and economic heart of the city. It was in the city’s forum that major temples (such as a Capitoline temple, dedicated to Jupiter, Juno and Minerva.

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What materials are used to build the columns?
Marble was slow to catch on in Rome during the Republican period since it was seen as an extravagance, but after the reign of Augustus (31 B.C.E. - 14 C.E.), marble became quite fashionable. .

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cultural history spans more than 2,000 years, with a distinct heritage shaped by the region's majority Dravidian population.For a period of over 1,500 years, starting from the fourth century BCE, Tamil Nadu was dominated by three major dynasties—the Cheras, Pandyas, and Cholas. Beginning in the Common Era (0 CE)Among the state's most prominent cities is Madurai, the onetime capital of the Pandya dynasty and home to the Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Temple, with its 12 gopuras. Other major cities include Tanjore (Thanjavur), the onetime capital of the Cholan Empire, which reached its height during the reign of the king Rajaraja (985–1014 CE); and Madras, the state's present capital, now called Chennai, which was established in 1639 by the British East India Company.

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Tamil Nadu | The Story of India - Photo Gallery | PBS

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A state located on the southeastern side of the Indian peninsula, Tamil Nadu's cultural history spans more than 2,000 years, with a distinct heritage shaped by the region's majority Dravidian population. It is a territory of varied topography, including more than 600 miles of coastline, it's filled with thousands of dazzling Hindu temples and it is where Tamil, one of the oldest written languages in India, originated.

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the Ganges is considered sacred, the terrestrial home of the goddess Ganga, and has held a vaunted place within the faith for centuries.  Bathing in the Ganges is a purifying ritual that is thought to wash away a penitent's sins, and spreading one's ashes in the water upon death may improve one's karma and hasten salvation.India's longest river, the Ganges flows eastward from its source in the snow-capped western Himalayas across the plains of northern India until it empties into the Bay of Bengal. During its 1,554 mile journey, the Ganges passes through the Indian states of Uttarakhand, home to the sacred city of Haridwar; Uttar Pradesh, where the holy cities of Allahabad and Varanasi

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The Ganges River | The Story of India - Photo Gallery | PBS

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For the 80% of Indians who are Hindus, the Ganges is considered sacred, the terrestrial home of the goddess Ganga, and has held a vaunted place within the faith for centuries. Hindus from all over the subcontinent make annual pilgrimages to the many temples and shrines located along its shores and believe it is auspicious to drink, bathe, and after death, have their ashes scattered in the river.

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in the 1920s unearthed the ruins of two vast cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, that attested to the ancient roots of Indian civilization. augmented by the monsoonrains, made farming and herding a mainstay of the civilization’s economy, which was also supplemented by internal and external trade. Among the key characteristics of the Indus civilization sites, which have now been found over a vast swath of Pakistan and northwestern India, is their uniformity.

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languages spoken in India is matched only by the number of gods and goddesses who are worshipped. There are thought to be around 400 main languages and dialects of which 22, in addition to English, are officially spoken in Parliament.Human languages evolved along with rites and rituals, and India is thought to have preserved examples of very early pre-language sounds that have been handed down in magical chants called mantras. Sanskrit, the language of classical Indian literature and scripture, is an early ancestor of the Indo-Aryan languages, which are a branch of the larger Indo-European language family.

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some settled on the lush Kerala coast. Waves of migrants from North India added to the mix. the most important of 20 ports on the west coast of India. Arab and African ships also came to trade along a coast which was rich in spices, then as now, especially pepper.  it is also a deeply traditional place, home to some of the oldest human rituals, unbroken 5000-year-old traditions of classical learning ranging from theology to boat building to medicine to the fine arts.