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Predicting and mapping malaria under climate change scenarios: the potential redistribution of malaria vectors in Africa

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Predicting and mapping malaria under climate change scenarios: the potential redistribution of malaria vectors in Africa

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https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-9-111

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Malaria is endemic throughout most of the tropics, with a high prevalence in Africa, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, many South Pacific islands (excluding Polynesia, and parts of South and Central America and Mexico. (It should be recalled that both malaria and yellow fever were endemic in some regions of the United States until the turn of this century.) Some 2.4 billion people live in areas of risk (WHO, 1996), and approximately 350 million new infections occur annually, resulting in over 2 million fatalities. Four species of the Plasmodium protozoa, transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, cause this disease in humans. Untreated, malaria tends to be a lifelong affliction, with recurring episodes that last one to four weeks. Its symptoms include fever, headache, and malaise; death (predominantly in young children) may result from neurological damage and progressive coma, pulmonary edema, kidney failure, or shock caused by the collapse of the vascular system. According to the WHO, malaria is one of the most climate sensitive among vectorborne diseases (WHO, 1996). Malaria provides a well-documented example of the interactions among parasites, vectors, and hosts that affect the transmission of vectorborne diseases. Within the bioclimate envelope, outside of which malaria is not transmitted, transmission intensity depends on interrelations among factors, including vector density, biting rate, and survival of the mosquito. The longevity of the vector is particularly significant because the parasite must undergo a process of development within the mosquito before the disease can be transmitted. This process, termed sporogony, can take 8 to 35 days and occurs more quickly at an ambient temperature between 20 and 27˚C. Outbreaks of epidemics in highlands or desert fringes, where malaria is not endemic, are strongly influenced by temperature or rainfall, respectively. Figure 2 shows the cyclical pattern of epidemic malaria associated with El Niño in Venezuela.

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Early affects of climate change: does it affect vector bourne disease

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Early affects of climate change: does it affect vector bourne disease

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088500/pdf/TB011057.pdf

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Potential Impact of Global Climate Change onMalaria Risk

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Potential Impact of Global Climate Change onMalaria Risk

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1523278/pdf/envhper00354-0050.pdf

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Climate Infectious Disease and Health-HAS SOME GOOD GRAPHS ABOUT CORRELATION AND TEMPERATURE

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Climate Infectious Disease and Health-HAS SOME GOOD GRAPHS ABOUT CORRELATION AND TEMPERATURE

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Microorganisms carried by vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and other blood-sucking arthropods, are strongly influenced by temperature of the microenvironment within their cold-blooded vector hosts. The survival rates of vectors and the rates of multiplication and transmission of the microorganisms that infect them are temperature dependent (Fig. 1, Reeves, et al., 1994). The physiological relationship between temperature and the malaria parasite and its mosquito vector exemplifies this dependency. The geographical distribution of the Anopheles mosquito and the four species of malaria parasites which infect humans is restricted by low—and probably also high—temperature. Over the low temperature threshold, the rates of development of the parasite and the vector population increase with temperature, thereby increasing transmission capacity. Temperatures in the 20 to 30˚C range and humidity above 60% provide optimal conditions for mosquitoes to incubate and transmit the malaria-causing parasites.

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Distribution and effect of climate change on malaria

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Highly evolvable malaria vectors: The genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes

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Highly evolvable malaria vectors: The genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes

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Highly evolvable malaria vectors: The genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes

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https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-3305-6-172

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Kiera - control, prevention and treatment. 

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Kiera - control, prevention and treatment. 