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Define identity management and describe how it influences your perception of self and others.

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Define identity management and describe how it influences your perception of self and others.

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Recognize how the choices you make about whom you communicate with and how you communicate with them are influenced by your view of yourself.

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Recognize how the choices you make about whom you communicate with and how you communicate with them are influenced by your view of yourself.

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Identify errors you might make when you perceive others that affect your communication with them.

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Identify errors you might make when you perceive others that affect your communication with them.

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Differentiate among figure and ground, proximity, closure, and similarity in communication examples.

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Differentiate among figure and ground, proximity, closure, and similarity in communication examples.

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Describe how selection, organization, and interpretation occur during perception, and how they affect the way you communicate with others.

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Describe how selection, organization, and interpretation occur during perception, and how they affect the way you communicate with others.

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Explain some of the reasons why people can perceive things differently.

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Explain some of the reasons why people can perceive things differently.

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Identify factors in the perceptual process.

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Identify factors in the perceptual process.

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- Mohammad Faris Nuriman Bin Mohammad Fauzi
- Nur'Aliaa Bahriah Binti Buhari
- Aeva Bonniface
- Nurul ‘Alya Syuhada Bt Mohamad Lailani
- Nadhir Mierzha bin Ismail
- Wanessa Wanda William
- Nur Fatin Liyana Binti Kassim

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Today, we will give our opinions about the perception, self and communication based on the movie Frontliner that directed by Razif Rashid.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HkFunFAC2Uc

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Everything our senses say about our environment will be organized by ourselves. Organization in perception means the grouping of stimuli into meaningful units or whole. There are several methods for organising our senses in perceptions, such as figure and ground, proximity, closure, and similarity.

Figure and ground
Figure is the focal point of your attention, and ground is the background against which your focused attention occurs. In a nutshell, this method works according to the way a person focuses on a particular part or thing and other things that are around him or her form the background to the thing being focused on.

For example, when Dr Azhan asked his wife a question about how he could be infected with Covid 19, Dr, Azhan only focused on his wife’s statement questioning his work as a doctor (figure) and ignoring the explanation his wife had given (ground). (53:23)

Closure
The tendency to fill in missing information to complete an otherwise incomplete figure or statement. Closure works in our communication interactions when a person is able to make assumptions about something using only some of the info obtained. This method of organization is divided into two, namely visual closure which involves things that have been seen and mental closure which involves things that we have heard and observed.

A suitable example of this method was displayed in the scene when Inspector Nasir returned to the village to visit his mother and he had refused to be hugged by his mother because he was exposed to covid virus 19 while on duty. After his hug was rejected, Inspector Nasir’s mother assumed that he no longer believed in god.(47:43)

Proximity
It is also one of the methods in organizing the stimuli. According to the principle of proximity, people or objects that are close to each other in time or space are seen as meaningfully related. In short, objects physically close to each other will be perceived as a unit or group. Proximity works verbally and nonverbally in communication. Proximity works in communication verbally through statements given by a person and non -verbally based on observations and assumptions.

As an example of proximity, police officers found several teenagers gathered in the park and continued to chase to arrest them because they were believed to have violated a movement control order (MCO) set by the government at the time of the Covid 19 pandemic.(9:50)

Similarity
One of the easiest ways to organize stimuli. On the basis of
the principle of similarity, elements are grouped together because they resemble each other in size, color, shape, or other attributes.

In the scene of Dr. Azhan called Dr. Rina, he has one request that he wants to be in the same ward as his wife, Nora. Here shows that Dr. Azhan applies the similarity method by choosing to be with his family members so that it is easier to communicate.(50:25)

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Developing your communication skills can help all aspects of your life, from your professional life to social gatherings and everything in between. The ability to communicate information accurately, clearly and as intended is a vital life skill and something that should not be in overlooked. It’s never too late to work on your communication skills and by doing so, it can improve your quality of life. So it is very important to know whom u communicate with and also how you communicate with them influenced by view of yourself.

1. First impression

When you meet someone for the first time, you seek to form an initial opinion about people upon meeting them. Usually first impression are based on other people’s appearances like clothing, height, weight and physical attractiveness.

From the movie, [30:43 - 36:10] Nora suffered with stomach ache and she called his husband, Azhan for help. Azhan sent her to hospital. On their way, they get blocked by the polices, Zul and Nadir. The polices let them to pass because they knew it is emergency.

2. Self awareness

It describe one who realize what kind of person he or she is. Then, personal identity represents self-characters that decide how we perceive others but it is not static due to our daily experiences.

From the movie, [1:04:06 - 1:06:43] Dr Azhan felt the tiredness of this colleagues and thus he realised that as a responsible and supportive colleague, it was the time for him to communicate with them and give some motivation to them as support.

3. Selection attention

When you do expose yourself to information and ideas, you focus on certain cues and ignore others. In communication, you do not treat all sounds, words, phrases and sentences equally.

From the movie, [12:57 - 13:13] Shamsul asked for his mother’s permission to go to his friends, Muz’s house to give him back his book but Nadia’s attention was on his asking to go out but not the reason of returning book.

4. Selection retention

The tendacy to remember better the things that reinforce your beliefs than those that oppose them.

From the movie, [1:08:29 - 1:09:23] Although Dr. Azhan felt angry and insisted his wife, Nora had cheated but when his wife’s condition worsen, he still cared and worry about his wife. During Nora’s treatment, he selectively forgets about their argument and took care of his wife like usual.

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Identity management=

- The strategies or ways we use to present ourselves when communicating with others.
- It also refers to influencing people as the way we portray ourselves.

- People usually manage their identity as an ideal self-image to reach desired needs

How it influences your perception of self and others?

Since communication and perception influence each other, identity management also can influence the perception of self and others.

Perception of self:

- By managing our identity in the way, we desired, we can understand ourselves better.

- We can know the uniqueness of ourselves regarding various personality characteristics, interests, and values.

- Example:

As a person that works in Non-Government Organization, Nora needs to present herself as the one that caring and kind to others. This identity will help her to gain trust and calm her client especially when they are in problems. Here, Nora tends to help Nadia to give her some advice about her financial problem due to the Covid-19 pandemic. [2:18 – 3:02]

Perception of others:

- By managing our identity, we also can influence how people view us.

- People will look at us as the person that we present in front of them.

- Example:

As a police officer, Kapten Nasir needs to be strict so that people can respect and understand his job. From this scene, Kapten Nasir tries to convince a man to do the swab test because he did not want to. He also said that the man will get legal action due to his stubbornness until the man agrees to do the test. [18:50 – 19:08]

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Stereotyping

Stereotypes is a tendency to classify people to a general groups or categories in order to simplify the matters. People usually judge someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which he or she belongs.

From the movie, Mak Captain Nasir have stereotyping toward responsibilities as a police officer by her son, Captain Nasir. She thought that Captain Nasir making his work which is a police officer as a priority more than her. Captain Nasir needs to be standby 24 hours, working day and night and repeating it all the times along pandemic made him not come to see her for a long time . But the truth is Captain Nasir really consent about Mak. Because of movement control order (MCO) and work in high risk of virus infection environment as police officer making him to delay his intention to back to his hometown. [5:00 - 7:30]

First impression

First impression is an initial opinion about people upon enduring meeting them for the first time. It gives primacy effect, which leads us to place more value on the first information we receive about a person. So if we interpret the first information we receive from or about a person as positive, then a positive first impression will form and influence how we respond to that person as the interaction continues. Likewise, negative interpretations of information can lead us to form negative first impressions.

From the movie, there is a scene that shown Inspector Zulkifli gives his first impression toward a teenager. Inspector Zulkifli and his colleagues were on duty and they arrested some teenagers who disobeyed movement control order (MCO) instructions. After that, Inspector Zulkifli gave advice on the teenager's behavior but was opposed by one of the teenagers. He resisted, rebelled and being rude to the police officers. Inspector Zulkifli was angry and described the teenager as rude and disrespectful to older people. [10:25 - 11:40]

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1. Selection

No one perceives all the stimuli in his or her environment at all times. Through selection, you neglect some stimuli and focus on others. For example, when  you are out to a community work you focus on the briefing from the respective fellow community rather the tantrum that was thrown by a little child asking for ice cream. You block out certain sights, sound, smells et cetera.

During selective perception, you tend to see, hear and only believe what you see, hear and believe. A person who unconsciously apply selective perception amid communicating, can be seen talking positively about the subject that they believe to be a good thing. Along that line, they will react otherwise when people talk negatively about their beliefs.

For instance, a teacher who see, hear and believe that their students might face difficulties in time of learning new topics, tend to notice the frustration that was conveyed by the students. These are the type of teacher who are involved in their students’ education progress and are actively giving verbal and speech cues. In contrast to that, an educators who lack interaction with their students and only focuses on their lecture tend to miss the signals from their students. These findings illustrate how selective perception, perhaps driven by past experiences and roles, can cause some teachers to selectively perceive and react to such nonverbal signs while others do not.

Example from Frontliners Movie: In an argument of Nora and her son's Sham it can be seen that their perception of the dangers of Covid-19 are not on similar page. Sham believes that his mother is doing great as she have time occupied with online classes and work, while he only does homework since the pandemic started. Sham voice out that he was very bored and going out can help him to let off some of his boredom. What Sham looked pass over all his emotional build up was, how scared his mother about his safety and health during the outbreak of Covid-19.

2. Organizations

You organize what your senses tell you about your surroundings. Organization in perception

Is the grouping of stimuli into meaningful units or wholes. You organize stimuli in a number of ways, through figure and ground, closure, proximity, and similarity.

Firstly, one organized their perceptions through figure and ground. For instance, when someone commented your work on an art about how intricately and beautifully made it is but at the same time pointing out about how you can make it more attractive will arise an emotion that causes you to forget the positive part of their comments. Their comment on how you can improve is the figure while their praise is the ground.

Secondly, closure is tendency to fill in missing information to complete an otherwise incomplete figure or statement. For example, when someone texted with a massive typos in their written message, you can still understand it because you can still make some sense out of the incorrectly typed message.

Thirdly proximity, according to the principle of proximity, people or objects that are close to each other in time or space are seen as meaningfully related. In nonverbal communication, an example of proximity is when you perceive someone who wears an expensive looking attire to an event to be a wealthy person but in reality they just borrowed their friend’s tuxedo or gown.

Lastly, one organizes their perceptions of stimuli through similarity. On the basis of

the principle of similarity, elements are grouped together because they resemble each

other in size, colour, shape, or other attributes. For example, when choosing our group of friends, we tend to choose a group of people that somehow resemble a piece of you. Our choices are made due to the similarity and familiarity that we recognize to be an easy way to communicate and exchange information with each other.

Example from Frontliners Movie: During a phone conversation between Captain Nasir and his mother, he comforted his mother saying that he is very busy with his work and could not make time to visit her in the time being. Because Captain Nasir's mother didn't understand the importance of his work, she takes it to heart by interpreting that Captain Nasir do not care about her health and well being. This is an example of figure and ground, where dismissal of Captain Nasir care towards his mother health is the figure and the importance of his work during pandemic outbreak is ground.

3. Interpretations

Interpretive perception, then, is a blend of internal states and external stimuli. The more ambiguous the stimuli, the more room for interpretation. In communication time, we tend to interpret someone by how well they carry a certain task. For example, in a group of friends, they had planned a short getaway together to an island, but in that group of friends only one person willingly sacrifices their time to bring up a tentative, accommodations and places they would visit during that stay. Meanwhile, the others only wait on the update by the other person with deficit amount of help. Hence, unconsciously if we were to put ourself in the first person shoes, you might feel like you are the only person who are so eager for the upcoming trips. The other way around for when you are that group of friends who didn’t do much for the upcoming trips, you might feel like the first are showing off but at the same time you are glad that she is up for the scheduling part.

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People perceive things differently based of past experiences and because everyone assigns a different meaning to what they are perceiving (Writer,2020). People can perceive things differently based on their stereotypes, their first impressions towards something, identity factors, temporal conditions, past experiences and roles and present feelings and circumstances.

1. Stereotyping

- Stereotypes occur when you rush to generalize a group based on your judgment about the people in the group. Stereotyping means inferring everyone within a specific group has the same characteristics. For instance, the stereotype of Asian people to be a lot smarter than Americans or that older adults do not know how to use social media. Society usually insists that their stereotypes are correct through selective attention which basically is that we see what we want to see and selective retention which gives meaning about how we relate to our past memories to reinforce our stereotypes but it may not be accurate or true.

- Our perceptions of people affects our expectations and interpretations of others. Stereotypes are not only positive but some can be harmful and negative. Also, not all people have the same stereotypes, thus, contributes to one of the reasons why people perceive things differently.  At times, we tend to exaggerate or underestimate some people due to the stereotype of them we believe in. Because of that, there are several ways to avoid stereotypes. Firstly, we can treat people as individuals and not as members of groups. Secondly, we can get exposed and to educate ourselves to diverse cultures. Our exposure to different cultures will get rid of the stereotypical beliefs we have about their cultures. Lastly is to be open minded and to do more research of our assumptions.

- Based on the movie, I can relate stereotyping to the scene where the Dr was asked by the nurse to take a swab test after sending his pregnant wife to the emergency room. With this, I can say that the nurse’s stereotype or point of view is that whoever that had direct contact with the patient has high risk of getting the Covid virus.

2. First impressions

- First impressions is the initial opinion about someone when you met them for the first time. First impressions are mainly based on someone’s appearance. People notice a lot from someone’s appearance for example their clothing, physical attractiveness, interaction skills and etc. First impressions can also occur upon stumbling over someone’s social media for the first time. Different people have different first impressions. This is also one of the reasons why people perceive differently.

- First impressions can be affected by specific circumstances that can make our initial perspective towards someone inaccurate. People tend to cling onto their first impression towards someone or something, thus, effects their perception towards it. A recent study was done on how facts don’t change first impressions and people still identified the situation or person based on their first impressions.

- First impressions are important so there are a few ways to make a great first impression. Firstly is to be on time. Running late on your first meeting does not leave a good first impression to you. Next is to present yourself appropriately in terms of clothing. We must dress appropriately according to the dress code or an event. Other than that is to be open and confident. When it comes to making a good first impression, body language is often more eloquent than words. Lastly is to always be positive.

3. Identity factors

The aspects of your identity can influence how you perceive and communicate with others. People differ from each other in gender, biological sex, height, weight and etc. For instance in terms of biological sex, a girl can be a young adult but she looks rather younger than her age. Probably looks like a teenager. Adults will not take her seriously because of her appearance as they perceive that she is still young.

4. Temporal conditions

Other than that, difference in perception may also be from temporary conditions. For example when you are sick, you will be unable to focus on what is offered or told to you and won’t be able to answer questions well when asked for opinions. Thus, perceptions might differ from when you are feeling well. Also, other physiological needs may contribute to difference in perception such as when you are hungry and thirsty.  As an example, in the movie, at 54:22, when the Dr's wife started to have breathing problems, she started to panic and said what she has to say to her husband in case she doesn't make it even though before that they had a little argument with each other.

5. Past experience and roles

- Past experience can also affect our perceptions. What happened to one’s self in the past will influence their current perceptions. For example, a bad experience may cause one to avoid that situation in the future. Thus, our experiences affects how we respond to people in our society. Other than that, roles also influences our perceptions. A role is basically a part we play in various social contexts. Given a situation that some role that you hold in your household is not suitable to be used in your work as it may come too bossy, rude and even informal. Roles affects our communication to any types of society we engage in.

- Based on the movie, I can relate this point to the scene where Sham's father who is a policemen has to be on duty and be responsible towards his work when at home, he is a lovable husband towards his wife and caring father towards his son.

6. Present feelings and circumstances

Present feelings and circumstances is how we feel at the moment. This can affect our perceptions and thus alters our communication. For example, when you are talking to your friend and your friend looks away for a bit. You might perceive that she is uninterested with communicating with you. She might be worried about something else that you won’t know which results you to overthink if you’re a bad friend or if you did something wrong. As you can see, present circumstances and internal state influences our communication with other. For example, in the movie at 21:25, Captain Nasir's mother was devastated that her son can't go back to his hometown due to the current situation. Without thinking much, his mother told Captain Nasir to not regret it when she dies when Captain Nasir did not get to meet his mother before that.

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The perceptual process is a set of stages that starts with the environment and ends with our perception of a stimulus and action in reaction to it. Perceptual processes also learn how we get from perceiving stimuli in the world to performing action based on that information, and how that information might be organised into existing structures and patterns, and then interpreted based on previous experiences. There are three factors involves in the perceptual process which are selection, organization (figure and ground, closure, proximity, similarity) and interpretation.

1. Selection (exposure, attention, perception and retention.)

- Selective exposure

Selective exposure Is choosing to expose ourselves to based on beliefs or opinions that are in line with our own choices. Usually opinions that are not the same as our own will limit our exposure to those opinions. Any opinion that is contrary to our opinion will be more likely to be shunned and restrict their ideas or even conversation. As a result, we will only associate with parties who have the same opinion as us.

- Selective attention

Exposure in which you are exposed to information and ideas, but you only pay attention to one item while ignoring other things, even if they are close to us. During your awake hours, selective attention is in full swing, and how you use this component of perception affects your communication in a variety of ways.

- Selective perception

The inclination to comprehend, see, hear, and believe what you want is a result of this choice. Using selective perception people tend to overlook or forget information that contradicts their beliefs or expectations. For example, someone considering buying a certain brand of car is more likely to notice ads about the car than someone who is neutral to the brand

- Selective retention

The tendency to remember better things that strengthen your faith than those that oppose it. In terms of the mind, selective retention is the process through which people recall messages that are more closely related to their interests, values, and beliefs than those that are contrary to their values and beliefs, picking what to preserve in memory and reducing the information flow.

Example of selection from Frontliners movie:
When Dr Azhan rushed to send his wife to the hospital for seeing his wife in pain. But there was a roadblock blocking the way, and at the same time a rainstorm had occurred and caused chaos. Dr. Azhan decided to meet the police and disregard the heavy rain that was falling in order to avoid delays that could exacerbate his wife's condition.

2. Organization ( Figure and ground, closure, proximity, similarity)

- Figure and ground

Figure is the focal point of your attention, and ground is the background against which your focused attention occurs. Objects shine out against their surroundings once they've been noticed. For example, perceptions of something as fresh may stand out against the backdrop of everything else of the same sort that is old.

- Closure

Closure is the tendency to fill in missing information to complete an otherwise incomplete figure or statement. It also try to create wholes out of perceived parts. Sometimes this can result in error, though, when the perceiver fills in unperceived information to complete the whole. For example,  I cdnuolt blveiee that I cluod aulacity uesdnatnrd
waht I was rdanieg where the words is not in the right arrangement. Your mind's ability to establish closure is the reason you can read these words despite the bizarre spelling.

- Proximity

Proximity is the principle that objects physically close to each other will be perceived as a unit or group. Grouping can occur in both visual and auditory stimuli. People or items that are close to each other in time or space are perceived as meaningfully related, according to the principle of proximity. It is a perceptions that are physically close to each other are easier to organize into a pattern or whole. Proximity can be used in verbal or nonverbal communication.

- Similarity

The principle that elements are grouped together because they share attributes, such as size, color, or shape is called similarity and also one of the simplest means of organization. Similarity between perceptions promotes a tendency to group them together.

Example of organization based on Frontliners movie :
All Malaysians were ordered to stay home following the outcry over Covid 19. This is to keep the sickness from spreading.

3. Interpretation

The third step in the perceptual process is interpretation, which involves assigning meaning to our experiences through the use of mental structures known as schemata. Interpretive perception, then, is a blend of internal states and external stimuli. The more ambiguous the stimuli, the more room for interpretation. The well-known inkblot test is based on the notion of stimulus interpretation.  When interpreting stimuli, people frequently rely on the context in which the stimuli are perceived, or they compare the stimuli to other stimuli.

Based on Frontliner movie,
Inspector Zul keeps a safe distance from his wife and children in order to prevent anything bad from happening. since the Covid 19 pandemic began, Inspector Zul would sleep or rest outside the house using a tent. This is because he felt he would be more exposing his wife and child to the virus if he sat one house with them.

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We need to justify our discussion based on the case study given. There are 8 questions in total which are:

1.  Describe what perception is.
2. Identify factors in the perceptual process.
3. Explain some of the reasons why people can perceive things differently.
4. Describe how selection, organization, and interpretation occur during perception and how they
affect the way you communicate with others.
5. Differentiate among figure and ground, proximity, closure, and similarity in communication examples.
6. Identify errors you might make when you perceive others that affect your communication with them.
7. Recognize how the choices you make about whom you communicate with and how you
communicate with them are influenced by your view of yourself.
8. Define identity management and describe how it influences your perception of self and others.

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Perception is the process of using the senses to acquire information about the surrounding environment or situation. Our perception of something has the ability to influence our experiences, our assessment of others and our communication with them. In life, no one will see the world as how you see it. Touch, sight, taste, smell, and sound are the five senses that make up perception. Perception, a set of senses encompassing the ability to perceive changes in body postures and motions, is also included.

Other than that, there are two types of perceptions which are active and subjective perceptions. Active perception means that our mind selects, organizes and interpret what we sense while subjective perception is our uniquely constructed meaning attributed to sensed stimuli. It is the process through which an organism uses sensory receptors to detect and understand information from the outside world. It is our sensory perception of the world around us, which includes both the awareness of environmental stimuli and the actions we take in reaction to them. Perception is a subjective, active, and creative process that allows us to comprehend ourselves and others by assigning meaning to sensory data. It can be defined as our ability to recognize and evaluate sensory data. It also include our reactions to the information.