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Self - recognition test. Animals are given a mark, then have to look in the mirror and see if the animals recognise themseleves.

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To date, dolphins, magpies, elephants and nonhuman apes like chimpanzees have all shown positive responses in mirror tests

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To date, dolphins, magpies, elephants and nonhuman apes like chimpanzees have all shown positive responses in mirror tests

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Dog (Only odour), Pigeon, Elephant, Primates (Chimpanzees)

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Also known as the mirror self recognition test, is a behavioural test that was developed by Gallup as an attempt to determine whether an animal possesses the ability of visual self recognition.

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Ethical - doesn’t cause a great deal of stress for the animals.

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Difficult to interpret whether the animal is responding to the mirror and to discriminate self direct and social behaviours

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- Shows social ability
- Engage reaction to stimulus
- Shows grooming behaviour
- With variety of smells (Dog) it had an easier time showing preference
- Cost effective
- Easy to repeat

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Relies on visual cues- not all animals respond to visual marks
Could cause stress to territorial species
Relies of human understanding of grooming behavior
Difficult for species with poor forward vision

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Have bigger sample sizes

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have multiple test groups and repeat attempts in other zoos

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have multiple test groups and repeat attempts in other zoos

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- Test takes long time
- Hard to distinguish certain behaviours
- Focuses mostly on visual animals
- Could have bad reaction to mirror reflection (Aggressive)
- May show self-consciousness to body but not self - awarness of the mind

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a self recognition test where an animal is placed infront of a mirror to observe how it reacts. Whether it is self directed or socially directed indicates a level of self awareness

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a self recognition test where an animal is placed infront of a mirror to observe how it reacts. Whether it is self directed or socially directed indicates a level of self awareness

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Its standardised. It’s a simple concept that can be easily repeated and tested on different species, different variables can be changed easily… i.e. with elephants they were given a visual and sham mark on their head and then introduced to a mirror to inspect themselves whereas in dogs they used altered scents to test the ability to test their self-awareness.

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Dogs- respond to olfactory cues
Elephants- one out of three subjects responded to mark and none displayed social behavior
Orca whales
Magpies
Ants- appear to groom themselves
Cleaner wrasse- aggression decreased and fish swam upside down

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Include sensory cues relevant to species being tested

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May only demonstrate learned behaviour

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humans, 1/3 elephants, dolphins, (maybe pigeons), dogs (odour)

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humans, 1/3 elephants, dolphins, (maybe pigeons), dogs (odour)

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Try non-visual tests for consciousness

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- Do more tests, more comparisons
- More updated versions
- Focus test more on awareness instead of consciousness

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Human opinion on animal intelligence could skew results due to bias

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Cost-effective, capable of testing large sample sizes, easy to replicate which, in turn, allows results to be kept up-to-date.

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Cost-effective, capable of testing large sample sizes, easy to replicate which, in turn, allows results to be kept up-to-date.

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In replicated studies - bonobos, gorillas, orangutans.
In unreplicated studies - bottlenoses, asian elephants, magpie, trained pigeons, cleaner wrasse, dogs (olfaction).

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In dolphins, couldn't distinguish between social and self-directed behaviours easily, results were inconclusive.

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In dolphins, couldn't distinguish between social and self-directed behaviours easily, results were inconclusive.

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It could just be a rewarding sceheme, it was quite difficult to distinguish the difference between self and directed behaviour for example the dolphin, when infront of the mirror it opened it mouth which in most animals would be normal self directed oral cavity checking like the elephants had expressed however the dolphins eyes are at the side of its head which expresses a more aggressive social behaviour demonstrated by the dolphin but is very difficult to distinguish. Also there is the debate that the mirror tests measure problem-solving ability and insight learning rather than animal self-awareness and cognition. Human interpretation can also bias the results.

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More ethical than other cognition study methods (ie dissection, use of electrodes). Easy to replicate and cost effective. Easy to monitor.

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Try metacognition tests instead, use bigger sample sizes and repeat tests across multiple zoos or areas, use covered mirror for visual-mark, visual mark may have attracted partners attention and caused partner to remove mark.

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Try metacognition tests instead, use bigger sample sizes and repeat tests across multiple zoos or areas, use covered mirror for visual-mark, visual mark may have attracted partners attention and caused partner to remove mark.

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Does not necessarily indicate consciousness. For example, crows fail the test but recent studies indicate consciousness regardless

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Doesn't always use an animal's natural behaviours or senses (relies on visuals rather than olfaction, hearing and other senses used in the recognition of others). Relies on assumptions about self-recognition and self-conscioussness (what does the mirror test actually have to do with these?). Sometimes hard to recognise delf directed behaviour.

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More studies on wild or free roaming animals rather than zoo animals. Many studies need replicating. Use senses other than vision to test for self-recognition.

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The mirror mark is a visual self-recognition test and the self-awareness odour test in dogs is the same concept but for a different sense, so maybe testing self-awareness in all of the other senses could demonstrate self-recognition in animals but is very hard to quantify. Have bigger sample sizes over a bigger variety of animals. Design tests to test awareness instead of problem solving.