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Characteristics of the Attenders of the Constitutional Convention  

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Characteristics of the Attenders of the Constitutional Convention  

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The Constitutional Convention of 1787, had an attendance of 55 delegates. These 55 delegates came from each of the 13 states except Rhode Island to construct a constitution for the union. In the listing of traits of the delegates, the majority of the individuals were lawyers and weren't that concerned about the lower enriched classes. Furthermore, the delegates had come from different regions in which each of them had personal property that was significant to those regions. One of the conclusions that were taken had said that "Not one member represented in his...economic interests the small farming or mechanic classes". This part of the catalog quickly depicts how the superiority had their minds set in regards to other things instead of representing the less fortunate.

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"The Most Dreadful Anarchy Must Ensue" 1783

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"The Most Dreadful Anarchy Must Ensue" 1783

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About a year after independence, loyalists had expected some form of security, only to endure an increase in distress. Following the break from independence, many loyalists faced persecution and violence. David Colden even states, "Committees are formed throughout the country who publish the most violent resolves against the Loyalists and give instructions to the legislative bodies directly repugnant to the treaty." The politics of the new country had been corrupted, former loyalists who had once held power were now targeted and had little to no political power.

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After finally achieving independence, the colonies were left to form their own governments as they were no longer under British authority. Many colonists who came into power ended up recreating a failed government. Little change occurred, and nobody was willing to admit the same government they sought to never recreate was happening again. "This city is crowded with people from without, and every indulgence granted them that is possible, but change the scene, and if a loyalist make his appearance amongst them, he is sure to be insulted." Especially if a loyalist were to speak up on the new government, they would not be respected no matter what their position was pre-war.

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While fighting Britain in the American Revolution, Americans believed that they were slaves under British rule and demanded independence. While owning slaves and demanding freedom from Britain, some believed slave owners should live up to their beliefs from the Declaration of Independence. These same people questioned how many Americans chanted liberty but also slavery for African Americans. This rebellion against Britain exhibits what kind of hypocrites Americans truly are when continuing to enslave more and more African Americans. The Declaration of Independence states "all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights" but doesn't apply to any other marginalized group such as African slaves. This sermon shows how divided America is on the topic of slavery and the rights given to Slaves whether they're free or not. The author also asks "Can it be believed that a people contending for liberty should, at the same time, be promoting and supporting slavery?", which is questioning how honorable and competent Americans are.

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After the American Revolution, southerners realized the need for more slaves because the British would use slaves for their army, and escaped slaves would flee to Canada. The farmers that lost an enormous number of slaves after the war, began importing large quantities of slaves into America. This indicates how persistent the South was in rekindling their magnitude of slaves from the years before the war. The importation of slaves in South Carolina from the years 1770-1800 had a steady flow of around 20,000 slaves. With this, the slave population only grew from 75,178 to 146,151 in these same years. These statistics depict how minute the alterations of importation of slaves were from the beginning of the war to after it was done.

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Northwest of the Ohio River and its Adjustments to Slavery

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Northwest of the Ohio River and its Adjustments to Slavery

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In the late 1780s, the confederation congress, which was the first generic form of government, passed the Northwestern Ordinance. This decree created a governing system for this Northwestern territory in which few of the parts became states. This injunction also had generated the prohibition of slavery being implemented into this territory. If there were to be anyone who disobeyed this ordinance they would be punished and fairly convicted for doing so. From article 6 of this ordinance, it declares that "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted". This article directly suggests that if there were to be anyone who disobeyed this ordinance they would be punished and fairly convicted for doing so. At the near end of this short excerpt of article 6 it had also depicted, "That any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service as aforesaid", in which any slave that was to escape from any other part of America and go to this domain would be reclaimed by the hands they had escaped from. This ordinance still exhibits the ideal of how powerless African Americans were in this time period compared to the everyday white American.

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During the revolution there was a clear divide between the patriots and loyalists. Even after the Americans had achieved independence, many loyalists had fled the country. Isaac Wilkins was a loyalist who fled the country, leaving his declaration in the process that stated we owed the King and had the properties to support the British. This made him a target, as the majority of colonists at this time were patriotic and happy for independence. Although many loyalists went their own ways and weren't targeted, some were viewed as traitors and would be hunted down.

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Change for the Non-Elites Power in the State Constitutions

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Change for the Non-Elites Power in the State Constitutions

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In addition to the Declaration of Independence, each state began constructing voting rights and wrote state constitutions of their own. This shows how greatly the Americans desired the need for democracy in which the people who were eligible for voting could decide who were the representatives of their state. The majority of those who were able to vote were mainly those who benefitted the most from the American Revolution. Furthermore, states had produced qualifications that could apply to many more voters in which gave more power to those less enriched. Instead of voting restrictions for those who didn't own land, states determined whether a white male could vote depending on if they had paid their taxes. With this, states also narrowed down the number of voters by the limitation of if the individual had been settled there for at least 6-12 months. As given in the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776,  "having resided in this state for the space of one whole year next before the day of election for representatives, and paid public taxes during that time, shall enjoy the right of an elector", those who were suitable of voting had to have lived in the state for one year and had to have paid their taxes as well.

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Who should be able to vote in the eyes of Hamilton

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Who should be able to vote in the eyes of Hamilton

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Alexander Hamilton was one of many writers that depicted their political opinions publicly. In 1775, Alexander wrote a piece called "The Farmers Refuted", this demonstrated his ideal of the logic behind the voting restrictions. As seen that states allowed people to vote whether they owned property that was worthy or had paid their taxes to the state. Alexander suggests that those more unfortunate would have the will to vote. Hamilton also depicts that their votes would be influenced or bought giving the majority to the most wealthy men. Some evidence from the reading is when Alexander declares, "This would give a great, an artful, or a wealthy man, a larger share in elections than is consistent with general liberty", which Alexander expresses that the more well-off men
will have a big amount of votes on their sides. This demonstrates how those with the power to vote saw the requirement for voting limitations.

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Benjamin Rush was a patriotic scientist who played an active role in revolutionary politics, and specifically changed the stance on women's education. He believed that the way women were educated should be changed to a new curriculum, "There are several circumstances in the situation, employments, and duties of women in America which require a peculiar mode of education." This includes that all women needed education to teach and raise their children, instructing their children in the principles of liberty and government, and the branches of literature. Although this boosted women's rights in the direction of receiving education, the education was not for themselves, but for their children.

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The New Jersey Voting Act Affect on Women's Political Rights

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The New Jersey Voting Act Affect on Women's Political Rights

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For centuries, women were denied against the right and most American men were reluctant to grant women political rights. There was one unique situation in New Jersey that briefly allowed women to vote until 1807, when the law was changed to deny women these rights. Although this act was a huge step in advocating for women's political rights to voting, they had to meet certain qualifications. The qualifications of women voters as stated, "...That all free Inhabitants of this State of full Age, and who are worth Fifty Pounds Proclamation Money clear Estate in the same, and have resided within the County in which they claim a Vote, for twelve Months immediately preceding the Election, shall be entitled to vote for all public Officers which shall be elected by Virtue of this Act..." People could not vote unless they resided in the town at the time of the election, and no person convicted of treason against the state or the US could vote.

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The Ridiculed, "A Society of Patriotic Ladies" 

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The Ridiculed, "A Society of Patriotic Ladies" 

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In response to Parliamentary taxation of imported goods such as tea, protests against these taxes began to occur. Women began to plan and organize these events. Fifty-one members of the Edenton Ladies' Patriotic Guild signed a pledge in support of colonial resistance. This led to the Edenton Tea Party, one of the earliest organized women's political actions in US history. Not much political change occurred after this, as women were not taken seriously. Arthur Iredell sarcastically remarked, “The only security on our side... is the probability that there are but few places in America which possess so much female artillery as Edenton.” in response to the protest. Women involved in politics were often ridiculed.  The image above was created by an English artist that suggest that these women were "hardly ladies."