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The universe is all of space and the contents, this includes:
- Planets
- Stars
- Galaxies
- Etc,

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What is a planet? Where are planets found? What characteristics do planets have?
- A planet is a large natural body which orbits around a star

Some examples would be Neptune, Mars, Earth, etc.

- Planets are found around the solar system.
- The solar system has two major categories for the 8 planets

The four closest to the sun: Mercury, Earth, Venus, Mars - are the terrestrial planets. They have rocky surfaces enclosed with shallow atmospheres.

The gas and ice giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune - are outliers. They are much larger than the terrestrial planets, but their cores are small and icy. Most of their size is formed by a combination of gases that become denser and hotter as you get closer to the core.

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Characteristics of stars. How are stars different from each other? What is the life cycle of stars?

Stars can be defined by five major characteristics: brightness, colour, surface temperature, size, and mass.

Brightness: Two characteristics are defined in brightness; luminosity and magnitude. Luminosity is the amount of light the star radiates. Luminosity also includes the size of the star and its surface temperature. Magnitude is the brightness of the star that is perceived factoring in size and distance to its calculations.
Colour: The star is perceived as blue when its warmer, and its red when its cooler. Stars in the mid ranges are white or yellow, such as our sun. Stars can also blend colors, such as red-orange stars or blue-white stars.
Surface Temperature: The surface of a star is usually measured on the Kelvin scale. The coolest stars(red stars) can be about up to 2500K, while the hottest stars(blue stars) can reach up to 50000K. Our sun is only up to 5500K.
Size: Stars are measured in terms of our own sun's radius, this means that a star that would measure 1 radii is the same size as our sun. The star Rigel is much larger than our sun which measures 78 solar radii. The stars size along which its surface temperature will determine its luminosity.
Mass: A stars mass is also measured in terms of our own sun, with 1 equaling to the size of our own sun. For example. the Rigel is way bigger than our sun, it has a mass of 3.5 solar masses.
- Stars are formed in clouds of gas and dust known as nebulae
- Stars can shine brightly for years because nuclear reactions at the core of the star provides them enough energy
- The exact lifetime of a star depends on its size
- Large stars burn their fuel much faster than smaller stars and last only for a few hundred thousand years
- Smaller stars, can last for several billion years because they burn their fuel much more slower
-  Eventually they will run out of hydrogen fuel that powers that nuclear reaction, and they will enter the final phase of their lifetime
- Overtime they expand, cool and change colour.

At this point of their life they become Red Giants. Small stars like the sun will become into a white dwarf at the end of their lifetimes while bigger stars can cause super novas due to the fact that have a very explosive end.

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What are galaxies? Are there different kind of galaxies? Describe our galaxy(the Milky Way).
- A galaxy is a group of stars, clouds of gas and dust particles that move together through the universe
- They formed a billion years ago, soon after the universe began.

The sun, Earth, and the other planets of the solar system are part of the Milky Way galaxy. The sun, Earth, and the other planets of the solar system are part of the Milky Way galaxy.

- There are four main types of galaxies:

elliptical, spiral, barred spiral, and irregular. These four galaxies can be further divided into subcategories while at the same time other galaxies can exist based on size and other features.

- The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our solar system, the name Milky Way describes how we see our galaxy from Earth:

a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye.

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Nebula's, Red Giants, White Dwarves, Supernova's, Neutron Stars, and Black Holes

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Nebula's, Red Giants, White Dwarves, Supernova's, Neutron Stars, and Black Holes

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Nebula's are clouds of gas and dust in outer space, that can be seen at night in the sky either as an indistinct bright patch or as dark as a silhouette.

Red Giants are large stars with high luminosity but are low in surface temperature, Red Giants are one of the last stages in the life cycle of a star. at the time where a star becomes a Red Giant there remains no hydrogen energy in the core

A White Dwarf is what becomes of a smaller star when it reaches the end of it's life cycle. Smaller stars like the sun for example will transition into a white dwarf when they burn through all their hydrogen fuel

A Supernova is when a huge star explodes, it usually happens when its nuclear fusion can't hold the core against its own gravity. The core collapses and it explodes. Big Supernova's are called hyper-giants and smaller ones are super-giants

Neutron Stars is the collapsed core of a giant star, which before collapsing usually has a mass of about 10 to 29 solar masses. A Neutron star is hypothetically one of the smallest and densest stars excluding black holes, quark stars, and etc

Black holes are one of the most mysterious and powerful forces in the universe. A Black hole is where gravity is so strong that nothing can escape getting pulled in, not even light.

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Describe the process of nuclear fusion. Draw the Sun as if it were cut in half. Label and describe the 5 layers of the Sun. What is the difference between a solar flare and a solar prominence? How can activity on the Sun affect the Earth?
- Nuclear fusion is the source of all energy that the Sun radiates

it does two things convert  hydrogen into helium and convert mass to energy.

- If the fusion reaction in the core become too weak it can cause the star to collapse.
There are more then 5 layers of the Sun;

Core, Radiative Zone, Convective Zone, Photosphere, Chromosphere, Transition Region, and Corona.

Inner Layers of the Sun

- Core: The Core is the Sun's middle area, where energy is generated through reactions which creates extreme temperature of about 15 million Celsius. These nuclear reactions cause hydrogen to produce helium, as a result energy is released which gives the Earth light and heat.

- Radiative Zone: This zone is close to the Core and the Convective zone, it is roughly 70 percent of the Sun's radius. In this zone energy is carried outwards through radiation by photon carriers in a process where it bounces many times through zigzagging paths.

- Convection Zone: This layer of the sun is above the Radiative zone and is the outer most layer of the Sun's interior. It reaches from depths of roughly 200000 kilometers right up to surface. Temperatures at the bottom of this zone can go up to about 2 million Celsius.

Outer Layers of the Sun

- Photosphere: This is the Sun's deepest layer, and the layer that is visible to humans from Earth. It can also be called the solar surface. Most of the layer is covered by granulation caused by bubbling gases within the Convection zone. The Sun's granulation is a grainy appearance in the Photosphere, this results in the appearance to be bright with dark edges. The Photosphere's temperature varies from roughly 6500 degrees Kelvin at the bottom to 4000 degrees at the top.

- Chromosphere: This layer of the Sun is above the Photosphere by 1300 above it. The temperature is about 4000 degrees Kelvin at the base, and 8000 degrees at the top.

- Transition Region: This layer is very thin with a size of about 60 miles, its tucked amidst the corona and the Chromosphere. In the Transition Region layer, temperature rises rapidly from about 8000 to 500000 degrees Kelvin.

Corona: This is the outermost layer of the Sun. Its temperature is between 500000 degrees Kelvin to 1 million degrees Kelvin. The Corona can't be seen with the naked eye, but during a total solar eclipse you can use a Corona-graph telescope to see it.
Solar Flare/Solar Prominence:
- A Solar flare is an intense burst of radiation that results from the release of magnetic energy
- Typical Solar flares can last from a few minutes to even hours
- Can be observed in bright areas on the Sun
- A Solar prominence is a large and bright feature that extends from the Sun's surface
- A prominence is anchored to the Sun's surface unlike a flare
- It is bound by the Sun's magnetic field and can last for months at a time

- A prominence can extend up to thousands or more miles away from the Sun's surface
Sun's activity affecting Earth
- Energy from the Sun is very important to the Earth
- The Sun warms our planet
- This energy to the atmosphere is one of the primary drives for our weather
- Climate is also affected by the amount of solar radiation aimed at Earth

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Where do planets come from(how are they formed)?
The planets are said to have formed from the solar nebula, the disc-shaped cloud of gas and dust left over from the Sun's formation. The current accepted theory is that the planets began as dust grains in orbit around the central pro-star.

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Origin of the Universe, Evidence of an Expanding Universe 

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Origin of the Universe, Evidence of an Expanding Universe 

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Describe the origin of the universe(according to current knowledge). What is the Big Bang Theory? What evidence supports the Big Bang Theory? What is the evidence for an expanding universe?
The Big Bang Theory was said to be the origin of the universe by many scientists.
It is the best supported theory so far, it centers on an event known as the Big Bang. This theory was born of the observation that other galaxies are moving away from our own at great speed in all directions, as if they had all been propelled by a force.
In simple terms the theory states that the universe as we know it started with a small singularity that inflated over the next 13.8 billion years to the cosmos that we know today.

In 1912, Vesto Slipher calculated the speed and direction of “spiral nebulae” by measuring the change in the wavelengths of light coming from them. He realized that most of them were moving away from us. We now know these objects are galaxies, but a century ago astronomers thought these vast collections of stars might actually be within the Milky Way.
In 1924, Edwin Hubble figured out that these galaxies are actually outside the Milky Way. He observed a special type of variable star that has a direct relationship between its energy output and the time it takes to pulse in brightness. By finding these variable stars in other galaxies, he was able to calculate how far away they were. Hubble discovered that all these galaxies are outside our own Milky Way, millions of light-years away.
https://www.universetoday.com/106498/what-is-the-evidence-for-the-big-bang/