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“1930s Isolationism.” Ushistory.org, Independence Hall Association, www.ushistory.org/us/50a.asp.

U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/american-isolationism.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Dawes Plan.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Nov. 2019, www.britannica.com/event/Dawes-Plan.

“Post-War Germany - The Dawes Plan of 1924.” History Learning Site, 22 May 2015, www.historylearningsite.co.uk/modern-world-history-1918-to-1980/weimar-germany/the-dawes-plan-of-1924/.

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After ww1, Germany had to pay a huge war debts for the damage caused by ww1. But they could not do this because their economy after the war was in complete shambles. This caused hyperinflation of the German economy and it needed help getting back on its feet. There was a fear that Germany would have a communist revolution, much like Russia, because of the failures of the economy and become a communist country. The Dawes plan was put forward to fix this issue. Through the methods described by the earlier slides, the Dawes plan was a success, and brought the German economy back to life. Then to finalize the growth of the economy, the Young act was created to keep the German economy running.

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America had taken an attitude of isolationism in the 1930s due to the Great Depression and the tragedy of World war one. This meant that they focused more on domestic issues of America and tried to keep peace and stay out of foreign problem and conflicts. This had an affect on countries around the world. For one, after ww1, the USA rejected it membership to the League of Nations, in fear that they would get tangled into another European war. The Stimson Doctrine was signed, due to the Japanese invasion on China, which stated that the US would not recognize any territory gained by aggressive action. This signaled that America was concerned about the war but was not going to get involved. Another act, the  Neutrality Act, which prevented American ships and citizens from being involved in outside conflict was another product of isolationism. And Lastly the Roosevelt Corollory was revoked by the passing of the Good Neighbor Policy, which meant that the US could not intervene in any Latin America affairs.

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U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/kellogg.

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The Dawes Plan was an attempt at a solution to the tensions between the allies and the defeated Germany, who was struggling to pay war debts and reparations. The Reparation Commission formed a committee, headed by Charles Dawes, to find a solution to the reparation problem. The solution was to reduce Germany’s annual reparation payments, and increase them once it’s economy improved. Economic policy making would be supervised by foreign representatives and Germany would adopt a new currency. Foreign banks loaned the German government $200 million to encourage economic stability, and the United States lent Germany enough money over four years to pay reparations for France and Britain. France and Britain used the reparation money to pay for the war debts they owed to the United States.

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The Kellogg-Briand Pact was significant because it demonstrated a collective effort from almost every nation on earth to prevent another global war. The readiness to prevent atrocity from happening again is apparent with the amount of countries who participated in the pact; however, the treaty is obviously a failure, as only a decade later a second world begins. It is possible that a lack of consequence for breaking the pact lead to countries breaking it, and because of the general want to disassociate with war, most countries who broke the pact went unchecked.

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Signed in Paris on August 27, 1928, The Kellogg-Briand Pact was a failed attempt at outlawing war after World War One. Because of the devastating losses following the first World War, the general public was very eager to prevent global war from happening again.

Fifteen nations initially signed the pact, which were then eventually followed by forty seven nations. The U.S. Senate ratified the agreement only on the basis that the pact did not limit the United States’ right to self-defense or require the United States to react other nations who broke the pact. Only wars of aggression would be covered by the pact, not self-defense. There were no legal consequences for breaking the pact.

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The Washington Naval Conference was significant because it was a successful attempt at disarmament that provided a good example for future disarmament programs. It was much better at deterring war than other measures taken to prevent another global war at the time, such as the Kellogg-Briand pact. It also showed that post-war cooperation between national powers could be achieved.

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What is the Washington Naval Conference?

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What is the Washington Naval Conference?

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The Washington Naval Conference, was a meeting called by the United States, held by nine nations: Japan, the United States, China, France, Britain, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, and Portugal. The conference was held in Washington D.C. and aimed to discuss naval disarmament and to relieve tensions in East Asia. The United States sought to negotiate for disarmament because after World War One, world leaders attempted to prevent another global war, and the growing arms race proceeding World War One and rising Japanese militarism threatened the peace.

The United Kingdom, Japan, France, and Italy were invited to discuss naval disarmament, while Belgium, China, Portugal, and the Netherlands were invited to discuss the tension in East Asia. The conference lead to three major treaties: The Five-Power Treaty, which called for a ratio of warship tonnage to be maintained; The Four-Power Treaty, which called for consultation between the United Kingdom, the United States, France, and Japan before acting on a crisis in the East; and the Nine-Power treaty, which called for all nations to recognize China’s territory, and for China not to discriminate against any nation doing business there.

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Army Information Branch. “Newsmap for the Armed Forces : Demobilization.” UNT Digital Library, [United States.] Army Information Branch., 19 Oct. 2006,digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc833/.

“Great Depression/World War 2, 1929-1945 Timeline.” Timetoast, 1 Jan. 1929, www.timetoast.com/timelines/great-depression-world-war-2-1929-1945.

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“Telegram from Senator Joseph McCarthy to President Harry S. Truman.” National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives and Records Administration, www.archives.gov/education/lessons/mccarthy-telegram.

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“Thatcher's Decade.” CNNMoney, Cable News Network, 9 Sept. 2015, money.cnn.com/gallery/news/economy/2015/09/09/queen-longest-reign-economy/5.html.

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The end of the successful war did not ring true to the joy the United States had expected for. The flu pandemic, economic troubles, and racial and ideological tensions made the immediate postwar experience one of discontent and confusion. The 1920s election was coming around the corner and many Americans wanted a break from the harsh realities that the country had to face through the the previous years of Progressive mandates and war. President Warren G. Harding was voted for in a landslide election which signifies that Americans now had a desire for a government that would leave them alone, keep taxes low, and limit social Progressivism and international intervention. The era of isolationism was just beginning.

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It’s a transition from wartime to peacetime production levels (in industry, agriculture, etc.) caused by social and economic strain.

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The peace that Americans strived for at the home front was completely shattered by the sporadic race riots that had been sparked by the Great Migration. White soldiers coming home to find black workers replacing them in their former jobs and neighborhoods were on the hunt to restore their position of white supremacy. Black soldiers returning home were filled with a new sense of justice and strength. They were determined to assert their rights as men and as citizens.

During the Red Summer of 1919, however, 25 bloody race riots killed over 250 people.

The Chicago Race Riot was where a white mob stoned a young black boy to death because he swam too close to the “white beach” on Lake Michigan. The man that started the throwing was no arrested and this sparked a week-long riot.

America had entered a new decade of a profound sense of disillusionment about the prospects of peaceful race relations.

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The Medical Effects of the Demobilization of the Army

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The Medical Effects of the Demobilization of the Army

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During the time period of World War 1, the tight living spaces for the military allowed influenza to ravage through the camps, causing hundreds of thousands of military personal to be ineffective in the war. This affected induction rates, practice schedules, and weakened the U.S.'s power in the war. This pandemic even followed them overseas and infected 20 to 40 percent of the U.S. Military. Influenza killed more American soldiers than any of the enemy's weapons.

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The Red Scare can be classified as a nationwide state of panic from the perceived threat by Communists in the United States and The Soviet Union. This event began with the Russian Revolution of 1917, which ended the rise of the communist party. This led to bombings in major cities and raids against law-enforcement. This event also led to The Cold War between America and Russia. The Red Scare caused supporters of communism to be hounded by law enforcement, alienated from friends and family and fired from their jobs. Some of these people were not even true supporters of communism, but victims of rumors. The Red Scare is often used today as an example of how societal views can limit civil liberties.

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The economic uncertainty Americans faced made them question if they had even won the war. Postwar life was not filled with peace rather it was filled with anxiety due to economic upheaval.

Wartime production led to steady inflation meaning that many Americans could not afford to live off of their wages comfortably. When the government’s wartime control over the economy came to a halt, businesses slowly transferred from producing guns and ships to cars and toaster. The public’s high demand for such domestic goods outpaced the slow production. As a result, inflation skyrocketed making the cost of living in the U.S. double what it has been in 1916. Due to inflation,there were many  shortages as well as shortages in workers’ wages. Many workers went on strike for better hours and better pay.

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Representatives who signed the pact in the White House

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Representatives who signed the pact in the White House