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Criticisms of Nicholas from Monarchists PODBOLOTOV

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How does the killing of the so-called Mad Monk fit into the larger picture of the Russian Revolution?

smithsonian.com

"The holy man is he who takes your soul and will and makes them his. When you choose your holy man, you surrender your will. You give it to him in utter submission, in full renunciation." - Feodor Dostoyevsky, The Brothers Karamazov

The murder of Rasputin, Russia's infamous "Mad Monk," is the fodder for a great historical tale that blends fact and legend. But the death of the controversial holy man and faith healer had a combustible effect on the tense state of affairs in pre-revolution Russia. Rasputin was killed on December 30, 1916 (December 17 in the Russian calendar in use at the time), in the basement of the Moika Palace, the Saint Petersburg residence of Prince Felix Yussupov, the richest man in Russia and the husband of the Czar's only niece, Irina. His battered body was discovered in the Neva River a few days later.

In the decade prior, Rasputin had risen rapidly through Russian society, starting as an obscure Siberian peasant-turned-wandering-holy-man and then becoming one of the most prominent figures in the Czar's inner circle. Born in 1869 in the village of Pokrovskoye, on the Tura river that flows eastward from the Ural Mountains, where Europe meets Asia in Siberia. He seemed destined for an ordinary life, despite a few conflicts in his youth with local authorities for unruly behavior. He married a local woman, Praskovya Dubrovina, became the father of three surviving children, Maria, Dmitri and Varvara, and worked on his family's farm.

Rasputin's life changed in 1892, when he spent months at a monastery, putting him on the path to international renown. Despite his later nickname, "The Mad Monk," Rasputin never took Holy Orders. Men in Rasputin's position usually gave up their past lives and relationships but Rasputin continued to see his family - his daughters later lived with him in Saint Petersburg - and support his wife financially.

His religious fervor, combined with an appealing personal charisma, brought Rasputin to the attention of some Russian Orthodox clergymen and then senior members of the Imperial family, who then introduced him to Nicholas II and his wife, Alexandra.

Nicholas wrote to one of his ministers in October 1906, "A few days ago I received a peasant from the Tobolsk district, Grigori Rasputin, who brought me an icon of St. Simon Verkhoturie. He made a remarkably strong impression both on Her Majesty and on myself, so that instead of five minutes our conversation went on for more than an hour."

The Imperial couple had consulted unconventional spiritual advisors in the past, but Rasputin filled this role by his ability to read their inner hopes and tell them what they wanted to hear. He encouraged Nicholas to have more confidence in his role as czar, and Alexandra found that his counsel soothed her anxieties. By the First World War, Rasputin was also providing political advice and making recommendations for ministerial appointments, much to the dismay of the Russian elite.

Rasputin cemented his relationship with the czar and czarina when he supposedly helped alleviate their only son Alexei's hemophilia. Rasputin's alleged healing powers continue to be debated today. The Czar's sister, Grand Duchess Olga, wrote that she observed Rasputin healing Alexei by kneeling at the foot of his bed and praying; the calming atmosphere that he created in the palace may have assisted with the recovery. Alexandra's lady-in-waiting, Baroness Sophie Buxhoeveden, thought that Rasputin employed peasant folk medicine used in Siberian villages to treat internal bleeding in horses.

Historians continue to debate Rasputin's impact on Alexei's health. In his 2016 book, Rasputin: Faith, Power and the Twilight of the Romanovs, Douglas Smith observes, "Rasputin's assurances calmed the anxious, fretful mother and filled her with unshakeable confidence, and she, in turn, transferred this confidence to her ailing son, literally willing him back to health." In addition to increasing confidence in recovery, a key variable may have been Rasputin's insistence that doctors keep away from Alexei. Medical knowledge was still sparse, even though drugs like aspirin were available for treatment. Unfortunately for Alexei, aspirin, considered a cure-all remedy, had the then-unknown side effect of thinning the blood, which would have exacerbated hemophilia symptoms. French historian Hélène Carrère d'Encausse argued that when Rasputin insisted that remedies prescribed by the doctors be thrown in the fire, the discarded medicine likely would have included aspirin. Rasputin's insistence that the doctors leave him alone would have improved his condition and appeared to create a miraculous improvement in his symptoms.

Rasputin presented himself in the Imperial Court as holy man, despite no formal affiliation with the Russian Orthodox Church, and spoke as a self-appointed representative of the peasantry, but his behavior away from court offered a different portrait. His drunkenness and affairs with women of all social backgrounds, from street prostitutes to society ladies, scandalized the public. Rasputin appeared to bask in his fame, showing off shirts embroidered for him by the Empress and inviting her friends and servants to his home in Prokovskoye. (Rasputin's wife appeared untroubled by his infidelities, commenting "He has enough for all.")

The press, unshackled thanks to rights granted to them by Nicholas II in 1905, spread lurid tales about Rasputin both within Russia and abroad. Rumors about Rasputin's influence over the Czarist regime spread throughout Europe. Petitioners, believing that Rasputin lived with the Imperial family, mailed their requests to "Rasputin, Czar's palace, Saint Petersburg."

Soldiers on World War I's Eastern front spoke of Rasputin having an intimate affair with Alexandra, passing it off as common knowledge without evidence. As the war progressed, outlandish stories expanded to include Rasputin's supposed treason with the German enemy, including a fantastical tale that he sought to undermine the war effort by starting a cholera epidemic in Saint Petersburg with "poisoned apples imported from Canada." What the public thought they knew about Rasputin had a greater impact than his actual views and activities, fueling demands that he be removed from his position of influence by any means necessary.

Until he murdered Rasputin, Felix Yussupov lived a comparatively aimless life of privilege. One of Nicholas II's daughters, also named Grand Duchess Olga, worked as a nurse during the war and criticized Yussupov's refusal to enlist, writing to her father, "Felix is a 'downright civilian,' dressed all in brown...virtually doing nothing; an utterly unpleasant impression he makes - a man idling in such times." Plotting Rasputin's murder gave Yussupov the opportunity to reinvent himself as a patriot and man of action, determined to protect the throne from a malign influence.

For Yussupov and his co-conspirators, the removal of Rasputin could give Nicholas II one last chance of restoring the reputation and prestige of the monarchy. With Rasputin gone, the czar would be more open to the advice of his extended family, the nobility and the Duma and less dependent on Alexandra. There was hope that he would return from military headquarters and once again govern from Saint Petersburg.

The most well-known account of Rasputin's murder was the one that Yussupov wrote in his memoirs, published in 1928. Yussupov claimed to have invited Rasputin to his palace to meet his wife Irina (who was in fact away at the time) and then served him a platter of cakes and numerous glasses of wine laced with potassium cyanide. To Yussupov's astonishment, Rasputin appeared to be unaffected by the poison. A desperate Yussupov borrowed the revolver of the Grand Duke Dmitri, the czar's cousin, and shot Rasputin multiple times, but was still unable to kill him. According to the memoir, "This devil who was dying of poison, who had a bullet in his heart, must have been raised from the dead by the powers of evil. There was something appalling and monstrous in his diabolical refusal to die." There was reputedly water in his lungs when his remains were discovered, indicating that he had finally died by drowning.

Yussupov's account of Rasputin's murder entered popular culture. The lurid scene was dramatized in numerous films about Rasputin and the Romanovs and even made it into a 1970s disco hit by Boney M., which included the lyrics "They put some poison into his wine...He drank it all and said, 'I feel fine.'"

Rasputin's actual murder was probably far less dramatic. His daughter Maria, who fled Russia after the Revolution and became a circus lion tamer billed as "the daughter of the famous mad monk whose feats in Russia astonished the world," wrote her own book in 1929 that condemned Yussupov's actions and questioned the veracity of his account. She wrote that her father did not like sweets and never would have eaten a platter of cakes. The autopsy reports do not mention poison or drowning but instead conclude that he was shot in the head at close range. Yussupov transformed the murder into an epic struggle of good versus evil to sell books and bolster his own reputation.

The responses from the public were mixed, reflecting Rasputin's checkered reputation. The elite, from whence Yussupov and his co-conspirators came, rejoiced and applauded the killers when they appeared in public. The peasantry mourned Rasputin as one of their own, seeing the murder as one more example of the nobility controlling the Czar; when a peasant rose to a position of influence with the Czar, he was murdered by wealthy men.

To the dismay of Yussupov and his co-conspirators, Rasputin's murder did not lead to a radical change in Nicholas and Alexandra's polities. To the emergent Bolsheviks, Rasputin symbolized the corruption at the heart of the Imperial court, and his murder was seen, rather accurately, as an attempt by the nobility to hold onto power at the continued expense of the proletariat. To them, Rasputin represented the broader problems with czarism. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, Provisional Government leader Alexander Kerensky went so far as to say, "Without Rasputin there would have been no Lenin."

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smithsonian.com "The holy man is he who takes your soul and will and makes them his. When you choose your holy man, you surrender your will. You give it to him in utter submission, in full renunciation."

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By Emma Westport

In July 1904, the cannons of the Peter and Paul fortress fired 300 times to announce that, after four daughters, Alexandra had given birth to a son. Russia had a Tsarevich. The imperial couple was overjoyed but, within six short weeks, that joy turned to pain. Something was wrong.The slightest bump, the smallest pinch and the baby's skin bruised.The bruises did not heal.The child cried with pain and neither his mother nor his doctors could offer him relief.Alexei was a hemophiliac.

For Alexandra, the news was devastating.She'd already lost a brother and uncle to the disease and she knew what the future held.Her beautiful boy had almost no chance of surviving to adulthood and, even if he did, he'd never be live or play like a normal child. There was nothing conventional medicine could do.

Alexandra looked elsewhere. In 1905, friends introduced her and her husband to Rasputin. Neither priest nor monk, the uneducated peasant had already earned a repuation as a starets or spiritual teacher. He was also known as a healer and prophet. Did he provide relief to the young Tsarevich? His worst critics admit he did. He also helped the Tsarina deal with her unbearable guilt and suffering--but that help came at a price.

Rasputin's gifts were offset by his drinking and womanizing. Scandal was his constant companion. As his power grew, so did his faults, his behavior becoming increasingly outrageous. Nicholas ignored it-Alexandra denied it-but the scandal was always there.And the stink of it threatened the autocracy. Many believed there was more to the relationship between Alexandra and Rasputin than the sharing of spiritual comfort.

The situation became especially ugly in 1910 and 1911 when Rasputin seduced a woman serving as nurse to the Imperial children.The governess, on hearing the story, objected to Rasputin's familiarity with the Grand Duchesses.She insisted the Tsarina ban him from the girls' bedrooms.The Tsarina refused. The nurse and governess were dismissed.Rasputin was now free to come and go as he pleased and the rumors that spread through St. Petersburg now included the young Grand Duchesses.

Nicholas was ineffective in dealing with Rasputin.Unwilling to upset his wife, he ignored police reports and the advice of friends. He even ignored photographs. After a night's carousing, a drunk and naked Rasputin had been photographed surrounded by a circle of nude women. Blackmailers told Rasputin he had a choice. Leave St. Petersburg or the pictures would be given to the Tsar.Rasputin took the photos to Nicholas himself, saying he'd sinned and begging for forgiveness.Nicholas forgave him.But the behavior continued.

In 1914, the first attempt was made on Rasputin's life.A former prostitute, disfigured by syphilis, disguised herself as a beggar woman and followed Rasputin to his home in Siberia.She asked him for money and, when he stopped to help her, she stabbed him, nearly killing him.Rasputin recovered but his drinking increased.

In 1915, Rasputin tried to seduce a woman at the famous Yar restaurant in Moscow. When the lady refused his efforts a drunken, outraged Rasputin went berserk. He smashed the furniture and mirrors in the private dining room, shouting all the while about his relationship with the 'old woman,' the Tsarina, and bragging how he did "with her what I want!"He exposed himself and was finally dragged away by police, fighting and hollering the Tsar would protect him and threatening to get even. The event was witnessed--and publicized--by a journalist who was present.

Alexandra had failings but being Rasputin's lover was not one of them. Unfortunately, letters she'd written to Rasputin convinced people otherwise.The Tsarina's flowery language was deliberately misinterpreted and pornographic caricatures of the Tsarina and Rasputin began to circulate.

All this occurred at a time when Russia was experiencing defeats at the front and serious problems at home.With Nicholas taking over command of the armies, Alexandra took a more active role in the government and her decisions were guided by Rasputin. It was a recipe for disaster.

In November 1916, Vladimir Purishkevich, a conservative member of the Duma, Russia's parliament, gave a speech in in which he spoke of spoke of the "filthy, depraved, corrupt peasant" the Tsarina all but worshipped.Rasputin was seen to be at the center of the 'Dark Forces' destroying the country.

In less than a month, Purishkevich joined with Prince Felix Yusopov, the Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich, and a few other conspirators.Together, they would plot the infamous and successful assassination of the starets.

Rasputin was murdered on December 29, 1916. His assassins hoped Rasputin's death would turn things around but it was already too late.

For his part, Rasputin expected assassination. He'd allegedly warned Nicholas and Alexandra that if his death came at the hands of the nobility, neither they nor their dynasty would last more than two years. In that, he was correct. Nicholas abdicated the throne on March 15, 1917. He, his wife and five children were murdered in July 1918.

The 300 year old dynasty had come to an end.

(All dates are new style.The quotes are from Brian Moynahan's biography, Rasputin: The Saint Who Sinned. The photo is from wikimedia.)

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Rasputin, The Tsarina and the fall of the Autocracy

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By Emma Westport In July 1904, the cannons of the Peter and Paul fortress fired 300 times to announce that, after four daughters, Alexandra had given birth to a son. Russia had a Tsarevich. The imperial couple was overjoyed but, within six short weeks, that joy turned to pain.

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Significant range for different topics

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This page links to some of our visual sources on Russia and the Soviet Union in the decade after the revolution, made available through our digitisation projects on 'The Russian Revolution and Britain, 1917-1928' and 'Henry Sara's lantern lectures'.

Revolution

'Russia's struggle': 101 colourised photographic slides of revolutionary 'struggle' against the Tsarist regime, and the upheavals of the October Revolution and Russian Civil War (digitised as part of Henry Sara's lantern lectures).

Red Russia: The Triumph of the Bolsheviki, by John Reed. The pamphlet includes two photos taken during the October Revolution.

Daily life and general views

'Russia's labours': 104 colourised photographic slides of Soviet Russia shortly after the Russian Revolution, focusing on the lives of the general population (digitised as part of Henry Sara's lantern lectures).

'Russia in 1925': 155 photographic slides of Russia eight years after the revolution, taken by the British Communist Henry Sara. Identifiable places include St Petersburg, Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod (digitised as part of Henry Sara's lantern lectures). 41 photographs taken by Sara during his visit are also available online.

'Changing Asia': 79 photographic slides and other images portraying Russian Turkestan (now Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan) in the 1920s (digitised as part of Henry Sara's lantern lectures).

'Oddments': mixture of photographic slides of Russia, Russians and propaganda material (digitised as part of Henry Sara's lantern lectures).

Red Petrograd: second anniversary of the great proletarian revolution. Commemorative booklet (in Russian). Contains images of Petrograd (Leningrad / St Petersburg) in 1918-1919, including of the first anniversary celebrations, mass meetings, and welfare and electrification projects.

The All-Russian Central Union of Consumers' Societies: The Centrosojus, 1920. Pamphlet which includes 17 photographs of co-operative movement projects and buildings in Russia, including village dairy, chemical lab and factories.

Photographs of Russian workers (in railway works, on building site, etc.), collected by the 1920 Trades Union Congress delegation and included in articles for the Amalgamated Engineering Union Monthly Journal and Report (6 photos) and the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters, Cabinetmakers and Joiners Monthly Journal (5 photos).

Photographs collected by the 1920 Trades Union Congress delegation and published in The Post, journal of the Union of Post Office Workers (5 photos - children, the Subbotnik and delegates addressing Russian audiences).

An engineer in Soviet Russia, 1920. Article by William McLaine, including 3 photos (Putilov works and statue of 'The Metalist' at Petrograd).

Photograph album / scrapbook of Tom Mann. Includes photographs taken during Mann's 1921 visit to Russia, including images of the founding congress of the Red International of Trade Unions, a boat trip on the Volga (with Kalinin) and famine refugees in Samara. The album also contains various non-Russian images.

Russia, the official report of the British Trade Union Delegation to Russia, 1924. Contains 19 illustrations, including photos of welfare and housing projects.

Daily Herald Soviet Trade Union Supplement, 1925. Includes 11 photos of leading trade unionists, trade union facilities (including children's home and gym) and buildings.

'To comrades and brothers: from the workers and peasants of the Soviet Union on the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution', 1927. Photograph album which includes official views of Soviet leisure / sport, welfare and educational facilities, housing and military.

The Trade Union of Soviet and Commercial Employees of the U.S.S.R, 1927. Pamphlet which contains 17 photos of union facilities / activities, including Crimea convalescent home, employees' clubs, children's centre, village militia, co-operatives, office 'Red Corner', employees' drama group performing 'China, Arise!', and sports.

'The Red Star' newspaper, no.1, July 1927. The back page contains photos of Red Army march in Red Square, tractors at the Putilov works, Soviet leaders (Rykov, Tomsky and Stalin), and a public demonstration outside the British mission in Moscow.

Soviet leaders

Portraits of British delegations

Cartoons / paintings

'Another out-of-work'. Cartoon on the February Revolution and overthrow of the Tsar in the National Union of Railwaymen's newspaper 'The Railway Review'.

'They speak for themselves', 1919. Cartoon about White Russian atrocities illustrating an article by Henry Sara.

'The "Horrors" of Bolshevism': undated (probably 1920s) cartoon on Bolshevik redistribution of wealth, published by the Workers' Socialist Federation.

'The master key', 1920. Cartoon about the British labour movement's anti-militarism during Russo-Polish War, from the National Union of Railwaymen's newspaper 'The Railway Review'.

'Which is the dictator?', 1920. Cartoon about the Council of Action, formed to prevent direct British military intervention in the Russo-Polish War, from 'The Railway Review'.

'That "Rooshian" Feeling', 1924. Labour Party election leaflet which uses a spoof of the cartoon used in adverts for Kruschen Salts to promote the Anglo-Russian trade agreement.

International Anti-Bolshevik Review, 1926. Includes anti-Communist cartoons on the Third International (monster sitting on pile of skulls), Soviet supply of vodka to the masses, 'Soviet equality', 'Communist education', the Red Army, 'demonstration of Soviet Russia to foreign tourists', 'Apes, watching arrival of members of the congress of the Komintern', the French Soviet Ambassador lounging on the beach, 'liberty in Soviet Russia', the rebirth of Russia, and 'Bolshevism in the colonies'.

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Picturing Russia: images of the country and its rulers

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This page links to some of our visual sources on Russia and the Soviet Union in the decade after the revolution, made available through our digitisation projects on 'The Russian Revolution and Britain, 1917-1928' and 'Henry Sara's lantern lectures'.

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The Russian Revolution: the End of the Provisional Government

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The Russian Revolution: the End of the Provisional Government

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Alexander Kerensky was premier of the Russian provisional government after the overthrow of the tsar in 1917. He was ousted by the Bolshevik revolution later that year. He taught at Stanford in the 1950s and 60s.

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209 - Alexander Kerensky - The Russian Revolution Before Lenin

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If you are a film buff, you should be familiar with the early Soviet movie Battleship Potemkin and its iconic scene of a pram rolling down a staircase, as soldiers shoot down protesters. The film is centred around the Russian Revolution of 1905 and directed by cinematic legend Sergej Eisenstein.

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The Russian Revolution: the End of the Provisional Government

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The Russian Revolution: the End of the Provisional Government

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History vs. Vladimir Lenin - Alex Gendler

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Representing the Revolution in the Modern  Era

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Representing the Revolution in the Modern  Era

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Mikhail Zygar: What the Russian Revolution would have looked like on social media

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History is written by the victors, as the saying goes -- but what would it look like if it was written by everyone? Journalist and TED Fellow Mikhail Zygar is on a mission to show us with Project1917, a "social network for dead people" that posts the real diaries and letters of more than 3,000 people who lived during the Russian Revolution.

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Russian Revolution and Civil War: Crash Course European History #35

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BBC Radio 4 - In Our Time Archive: History

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Great Lives - Series 10 - Leon Trotsky - BBC Sounds

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Catch up on your favourite BBC radio show from your favourite DJ right here, whenever you like. Listen without limits with BBC Sounds.

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Richard Herring selects Grigori Rasputin - mad monk or righteous spiritual man? With Matthew Parris and Bob Service. From January 2013.

What was so notable about Grigori Rasputin ? "The hypnotic power shining in his exceptional gaze," said one observer. The photos are indeed remarkable, and so are the myths. This programme begins with his death. The date is December 1916, and Rasputin, ice encrusted and with a mutilated face, is dragged out of a frozen river in St Petersburg. According to police reports at the time, people ran to the river with armed with jugs and buckets, hoping to scoop up any unfrozen water that had come into contact with this famous man.

Comedian Richard Herring chooses Rasputin as much for the mythology as the fact. Was he really the lover of the Russian Queen ? No ... but it is said that his dead body sat up in the fire when it was being burnt. Filling in some of the gaps in this mysterious tale of pre-revolutionary Russia is Bob Service of Oxford University, and an endlessly entertained Matthew Parris presents.

Producer: Miles Warde.

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BBC Radio 4 - Great Lives, Series 29, Grigori Rasputin

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Richard Herring selects Grigori Rasputin - mad monk or righteous spiritual man? With Matthew Parris and Bob Service. From January 2013. What was so notable about Grigori Rasputin ? "The hypnotic power shining in his exceptional gaze," said one observer. The photos are indeed remarkable, and so are the myths.

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Helen Rappaport explains why the last Russian tsar and his family met a violent end in 1918

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Good for Tsarina + Provisional Government

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Good for Tsarina + Provisional Government

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Pyotr Stolypin assassinated in Kiev

The Russian prime minister was shot during festivities to mark the centenary of the liberation of Russia's serfs on September 14th, 1911.

To mark the centenary of the liberation of Russia’s serfs a monument to Tsar Alexander II was unveiled in Kiev. Tsar Nicholas II attended, along with his prime minister Pyotr Stolypin, and the festivities included a performance of Rimsky-Korsakov’s The Tale of Tsar Saltan at the Kiev opera. A young man named Dmitri Bogrov, who had been an agent of the secret police for several years, told them there was a plan to assassinate Stolypin in the opera house and the police allowed him into the building that evening although they knew he had a revolver.

Stolypin sat in the stalls, where during the second interval Bogrov shot him twice, in the arm and then in the chest. When the prime minister, who had refused to wear a bulletproof vest, opened his jacket, his waistcoat was soaked in blood. After saying he was proud to die for the tsar and making the sign of the cross towards Nicholas he was taken to hospital, where he died four days later on September 18th at the age of 49. Bogrov was hanged on September 24th. The behaviour of the police created a suspicion that they had been involved in Stolypin’s murder. The investigation into the assassination was stopped on Tsar Nicholas’ orders for reasons that remain unknown.

As prime minister since 1906 Stolypin had tried to turn the Russian peasantry into prosperous independent small farmers who would be grateful and loyal to the imperial regime. Each peasant household farmed separate strips of land within the domain of the local commune. Stolypin’s measures enabled them to consolidate their plots into individual holdings and break free of the commune’s grip. He did this largely regardless of the Duma, or Russian parliament, which he convened and dismissed as it suited him. He also ruthlessly suppressed opposition and had so many accused rebels hanged that the noose acquired the nickname of ‘Stolypin’s necktie’. His methods aroused fierce opposition and only a minority of the Russian peasantry took advantage of the opportunities he offered them.

Source URL: https://www.historytoday.com/archive/pyotr-stolypin-assassinated-kiev

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Only cool people die from an ice pick through the eyeball!

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Born: 1879 Died: 1940
Lev Davidovich Bronstein. Leader, with V.I. Lenin, of the Russian Revolution. Architect of the Red Army. Soviet Commissar of Foreign Affairs 1917-1918 and Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs 1918-1924. In 1929, he was expelled from the Communist Party by the Stalinist faction of the Party and then deported from the USSR. In 1938 he helped found the Fourth International, the World Party of Socialist Revolution. In 1940, he was murdered by a Stalinist assassin at his home in exile, in Mexico.

The Trotsky Internet Archive (TIA) hopes to be central clearing house for Trotsky's writings. We encourage others to duplicate this effort by mirroring this site, copying selected writings from the TIA and otherwise disseminating Trotsky's writings. Many of Trotsky's writings remains to be translated from the original Russian. Many of these writings are still buried in the archives of the Russian KGB. Still others reside in various university archives such as the "Trotsky Works" at Harvard. We hope to offer, eventually, ALL these writings in as many languages as possible. This will require the efforts of dozens of volunteer transcribers, translators, etc. To be part of this effort write the Administrator of the Trotsky Internet Archive.
The Trotsky Internet Archive Index Sorted by Individual Sets of Years:
A complete listing of the writings of Leon Trotsky in e-book format is here. A PDF of a 1959 SWP produced bibliography of Trotsky's writings is available here

Last Updated: 21 November 2014

The Trotsky Internet Archive Subject Indexes/Collected Writings Series
Selected Works: An index to a collection of writings here on the Trotsky Internet Archive selected by the TIA Director and volunteers as representing Trotsky's most significant political works [ Note: this is still a work in progress]
Leon Trotsky on China: A complete collection of Trotsky's writings on China covering the years 1925 through 1940
Leon Trotsky on Britain: A complete collection of Trotsky's writings on Britain covering the years 1920 through 1940 with an emphasis on the mid-20s
The Rise of German Fascism: A complete collection of Trotsky's writings on Germany covering the years 1930 through 1940
The Spanish Revolution: A complete (... but under construction) collection of Trotsky's writings on Civil War in Spain covering the years 1931 through 1939
Our Revolution: Essays in Working Class and International Revolution, 1904-1917: A collection of Trotksy's writings - Edited by M. Olgin for the Soviet Government
Literature and Art: A listing of Trotsky's views on Marxism and the Arts
Letters to Belgium: A collection of Trotsky's letters to the Belgian Trotskyists
Trotsky on Women: A collection of Trotsky's articles on women and related subjects
On Black Nationalism: A collection of discussions with Trotsky
Political Profiles: Compilation of articles on leading figures in the European and Russian workers' movement

1901 - 1910

1911 - 1917

1911: The Bankruptcy of Individual Terrorism
1914: War and the International (book) [ Click Here for PDF version] Significant work!
1915: Why the German Social-Democracy Failed (A 1915 Review of Leon Trotsky's essay)
1915: First Year of the War
1916: Clemency! (article)
1916: The National Principle
1916: The Big Lie: The Defence of Small Nations
1916: On the Events in Dublin
1916: On the Paris Commune
1917: The Lessons of the Great Year
1917:On the Eve of a Revolution
1917:Two Faces
1917:The Growing Conflict
1917:War or Peace?
1917:Captivity (letter)
1917: Peace and Reaction (article)
1917: Democracy, Pacifism and Imperialism
1917: Forward
1917: The Farce of Dual Power (article)
1917: Democracy, Pacifism and Imperialism (article)
1917: The July Uprising (article)
1917: Pacifism as the Servant of Imperialism (essay)
1917: After the July Days: WHAT NEXT? (pamphlet)
1917: The Struggle for State Power (pamphlet)
1917: Blood and Iron (speech)
1917: The Peace Program and the Revolution OR [the redited/translated version from Fourth International]

1918 - 1919

1918: History of the Russian Revolution to Brest-Litovsk (book)
1918: Chapters from My Diary 1918: The International Will the Allies Throw Away the Last Chance?
1918: Peace Negotiations and the Revolution
1918: Work, Discipline, and Order to Save the Socialist Soviet Republic
1918: Speech on Brest-Litovsk
1918: Lenin Wounded
1918: Soviet Government documents (authored by Trotsky as Soviet Commissar of Foreign Affairs from November of 1917 through March of 1918)
1918: The Principles of Democracy and Proletarian Dictatorship
1918: May Day and the International
1918: Trotsky's Military Writings, Volume 1 (collection of articles, essays & lectures) For a PDF version, click here.
1919: To the Spartacus League of Germany and the Communist Party of German Austria
1919: Order Out of Chaos ( as published in Socialist Appeal)
1919: Invitation to the First World Congress [of the Comintern]
1919: Manifesto Of the Communist International to the Workers Of the World (alternative translation - extract)
1919: Report on the Communist Party Of the Soviet Union and the Red Army
1919: Order Of the Day Number 83 to the Red Army and Navy
1919: To Comrades Of the Spartacus League
1919: A Creeping Revolution
1919: Great Days
1919: En Route: Thoughts on the Progress Of the Proletarian Revolution
1919: A Letter to Our French Comrades
1919: French Socialism on the Eve Of Revolution
1919: Jean Longuet
1919: Rallying the Army During the Civil War (speech)
1919: Report of Comrade Trotzky: Russia (to Class Struggle, article)
1919: Great Times(to Class Struggle, article)
1919: Order Of The Day Number 83 To The Red Army And Navy
1919: Problems the Army During the Civil War (speech)
1919: Trotsky' Military Writings, Volume 2 (collection of articles, essays & lectures) For a PDF version, click here.

1920

1921

1922

1922: Paul Levi and Some 'Lefts'
1922: On the United Front ( alternative translation)
1922: The Economic Boom and the International Labor Movement
1922: The Trade Unions and the Soviet State
1922: The Question of the United Front
1922: Resolution of the ECCI on the French Communist Party ( alternative translation)
1922: The Georgian Gironde as a Political Type (extract from Between Red and White - alternative translation)
1922: Bourgeois Public Opinion, Social Democracy and Communism (extract from Between Red and White - alternative translation)
1922: Letter of the CC of the RCP, to the Session of the Enlarged ECCI (with Zinoviev)
1922: A Note on Plekhanov
1922: The Communists and the Peasantry in France ( alternative translation)
1922: The Lessons of May Day ( alternative translation)
1922: From the ECCI to the Central Committee of the French Communist Party
1922: French Communism and the Position of Comrade Rappoport
1922: To Comrade Ker
1922: Resolution of the ECCI on the French Communist Party
1922: To Comrade Treint
1922: From the ECCI to the Seine Federation of the French Communist Party ( Summer 1922)
1922: From the ECCI to the Paris Convention of the French Communist Party ( September 13, 1922)
1922: From the ECCI to the Paris Convention of the French Communist Party ( October 6, 1922)
1922: The Fifth Anniversary of the October Revolution and the Fourth World Congress of the Communist International
1922: Who Are the Traitors? A PDF document from the Early American Marxism archive [ Alternative version]
1922: Speech in Honour of the Communist International
1922: The New Economic Policy of Soviet Russia and the Perspectives of the World Revolution
1922: The Economic Situation of Soviet Russia from the Standpoint of the Socialist Revolution
1922: Resolution on the French Question
1922: A Militant Labour Program for the French Communist Party ( December 5, 1922)
1922: Resolution of the French Commission
1922: Between Red and White (essay) Significant work!
1922: Report on the Communist International
1922: Prospects of Revolution
1922: The Position of the Republic and the Tasks of Young Workers (report to Communist Youth - 56k)
1922: Political Perspectives ( Late 1922?)
1922: Report on the Fourth World Congress
1922: Trotsky' Military Writings, Volume 5 (collection of articles, essays & lectures) For a PDF version, click here.
1922: The Contradictions of the Soviet Policy

1923

1923: The New Course (essay) Significant work!
1923: A Necessary Discussion with Our Syndicalist Comrades ( March 23, 1923)
1923: Preface to The Communist Movement in France ( March 25, 1923)
1923: The Anarcho-Syndicalist Prejudices Again! ( May 8, 1923)
1923: Is the Slogan of 'The United States of Europe' a Timely One? ( June 30, 1923)
1923: Can a Counter-Revolution or a Revolution Be Made on Schedule? ( September 23, 1923)
1923: To Comrade McKay ( March 13, 1923) ( as published in Socialist Appeal)
1923: The Curve of Capitalist Development
1923: Civility and Politeness as a Necessary Lubricant in Daily Relations
1923: The Struggle for Cultured Speech
1923: Habit and Custom
1923: Vodka, the Church and the Cinema
1923: From the Old Family to the New
1923: The Family and Ceremony
1923: Lenin Ill
1923: On the Slogan of the "United States of Europe" (contribution to a discussion)
1923: Communist Policy Toward Art (essay)
1923: The Social Function of Literature & Art (essay)
1923: What Is Proletarian Culture, and Is It Possible? (essay)
1923: The Transformation of Morals
1923: On the German Revolution: A Speech to the Moscow Metal Workers
1923: Man Does Not Live by Politics Alone
1923: Not By Politics Alone ... (different extract)
1923: Bureaucratism and Factional Groups
1923: Theses on Industry
1923: The Tasks of Communist Education

1924

1925 - 1926

1927

1928 -1929

1928: The Third International After Lenin (A Draft Criticism of the Communist International) [thesis] [ Click Here for PDF version] Significant work!
1928: Who Is Leading The Comintern Today?
1928: On the Canton Insurrections: Three Letters to Preobrazhensky [letter]
1928: A Letter from Exile in Alma-Ata
1928: The July Plenum and the Right Danger
1928: The Theses of Comrade Radek
1928: On Max Eastman
1928: Some Remarks on the Sixth Congress
1928: On the Situation in Russia - A Letter to a Comrade
1928: Crisis in the Right-Center Bloc
1928: Our Differences with the Democratic Centralists
1928: Reply to Stalin
1929: The Groupings in the Communist Opposition
1929: A Letter to the American Trotskyists
1929: Open Letter to the Workers of the USSR
1929: Trotsky on Radek
1929: A Letter to Souvarine
1929: On Churchill
1929: Behind the Scenes in the Russian Party
1929: A Letter on the Capitulators
1929: First of August! What will "International Red Day" Bring?
1929: Two Letters on the Origin of the Fourth International
1929: Once Again on Brandler-Thalheimer (alternative translation)
1929: The Sino-Russian Conflict and the Opposition
1929: An Open Letter to the Editorial Board of La Verité
1929: A Letter to the Editorial Board of La Lutte De Classes
1929: Communism and Syndicalism
1929: The Errors in Principle of Syndicalism
1929: The First Contact with Belgium
1929: The Defense of the Soviet Union and the Opposition [essay]
1930: Letter to the Italian Left Communists
1929: Letter on the Opposition Press in France
1929: Disarmament and the United States of Europe [essay]
1929: Greetings to the Weekly The Militant
1929: The Austrian Crisis and Communism
1929: A Reply to the Chinese Oppositionists
1929: Bessedovsky's "Revelations"
1929: The "Third Period" of the Comintern's Mistakes

1930

1930: The History of the Russian Revolution (book) Significant work!
1930: Internationalism and the Theory of "Exceptionalism"
1930: Molotov's Prosperity in Knowledge
1930: My Part in the October
1930: Notes of a Journalist
1930: Radek's Novitiate - What is Social-Fascism?
1930: With Lenin Against Stalin
1930: La Verité and The Militant
1930: Opposition Serves the Bolshevik Revolution
1930: The Results Of The Sino-Soviet Conflict
1930: The Fundamental Principle Errors of Syndicalism
1930: Open Letter to the All Members of the Leninbund
1930: Lessons Of The Capitulations (Obituary Reflections)
1930: Unifying The Left Opposition
1930: As Pure and Transparent as Crystal (essay)
1930: The 5 Year Plan and World Unemployment
1930: The New Course in the Economy of the Soviet Union
1930: Open Letter to the Communist Party
1930: Stalin as a Theoretician
1930: Letter to Revolutionary Age
1930: An Open Letter to the Italian Left Communists (alternative translation)
1930: The Slogan of the National Assembly in China
1930: A Squeak in the Apparatus (A Popular Explanation of Rights and Lefts)
1930: A Letter on the Italian Revolution
1930: The Revolution in India - Its TASKS and its DANGERS
1930: To the Editorial Board of Prometeo
1930: The Party and the Left Opposition
1930: Introduction to The Russian Bolshevik-Leninists on the Present Situation
1930: The Turn in the Communist International and the Situation in Germany Significant work!
1930: Monatte Crosses the Rubicon
1930: World Unemployment and the First Five Year Plan
1930: My Life (autobiography) [ Click Here for PDF version - 3.5 megbytes big!] Significant work!

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

1936

1937

1937: The Case of Leon Trotsky Significant work!
1937: The Stalin School of Falsification (book)[ Click Here for PDF version] Significant work!
1937: On Democratic Centralism and the Regime
1937: The Lessons of Spain - The Last Warning
1937: Trotsky and the Iron Heel
1937: Zinoviev and Kamenev
1937: Thirst for Power (PDF)
1937: Pages From Trotsky's Journal
1937: Thermidor and Anti-Semitism
1937: The Trial of the Danzig Trotskyists
1937: The Crimes of Stalin (preface)
1937: The Questions of Wendelin Thomas (letter)
1937: Stalinism and Bolshevism (essay)
1937: I Stake My Life! (speech) Significant work!
1937: London Buro Aids Stalin Frame-Ups by Refusal to Join Probe Commission
1937: On the Sino-Japanese War (letter)
1937: Pacifism and China (interview)
1937: A Tragic Lesson
1937: Trotsky Sees "Jap" Blow-up (interview)
1937: The Beginning of the End
1937: Drive to Aid C.N.T. Is Endorsed by L. Trotsky (telegram)
1937: A Letter to the Editor of the Modern Monthly (letter)
1937: Ninety Years of the Communist Manifesto
1937: Stalin on His Own Frame-Ups
1937: Swiss Police Arrest Assassins of Murdered G.P.U. Man, Reiss
1937: Bertram Wolfe on the Moscow Trials
1937: Coming Trials to Reveal Secret Plans of G.P.U.
1937: Ultralefts in General and Incurable Ultralefts in Particular
1937: It Is High Time to Launch a World Offensive Against Stalinism (open letter)
1937: Moscow-Amsterdam "Unity" - A Diplomatic Maneuver
1937: Not a Workers' and Not a Bourgeois State?
1937: Once Again: The USSR and Its Defense
1937: Trotsky Urges Backing for Pioneer Publishers
1937: Answers to Questions of Journalists on Verdict of Dewey Commission
1937: Trotsky's Telegram to the Commission

1938

1938: Listen to Trotsky in English on his radio broadcast on the founding of the Fourth International
1938:The Fifth Wheel
1938: Hue And Cry Over Kronstadt
1938: To the Publishers of De Nieuwe Fakkel and De Internationale
1938: Leon Sedov - Son, Friend, Fighter
1938: Trotsky Nails Fresh Attack on His Asylum
1938: Trotsky Sees Possibility of Foul Play in Death of His Son
1938: Hitler's Austria Coup Aided by Moscow Trial
1938: The Priests of Half-Truth
1938: Stalin's Trial as a Terrorist Demanded of League by Trotsky
1938: Trotsky Explains to Kirchwey
1938: Trotsky on Hearst
1938: Trotsky Reviews Elements of New Trial; Cites Efforts to Gag Him
1938: The Mexican Oil Expropriations
1938: On the Labor Party in the United States
1938: Learn To Think Learn To Think A Friendly Suggestion to Certain Ultra-Leftists
1938: "Trotsky Against Sneevliet"
1938: Art and Politics in Our Epoch
1938: Mexico and British Imperialism
1938: On Lovestone - No, It Is Not The Same!
1938: "It Is Necessary to Drive the Bureaucracy and the New Aristocracy Out of the Soviets"
1938: More on the Suppression of Kronstadt
1938: On My Conspiracy
1938: Trotsky Fears Fate of Klement, G.P.U. Victim
1938: Was Leon Sedoff Murdered?
1938: Damning Evidence in Sedoff Murder
1938: Freedom of the Press and the Working Class (pamphlet)
1938: Soviet-Japanese War Inevitable
1938: Trotsky Brands 'Klement Letter' as GPU Forgery
1938: Trotsky Tells of 'Letter' from Victim of G.P.U.
1938: Anti-Imperialist Struggle Is Key to Liberation
1938: 'Fight Imperialism to Fight Fascism,' Trotsky Tells Cuban Press
1938: New War Flows from Versailles Banditry
1938: Trade Unions and the Social Crisis
1938: Social-Patriotic Sophistry - The Question of the Defense of Czechoslovakia's "National Independence"
1938: The Founding of the Fourth International
1938: On the Character of the Coming War
1938: Trotsky Predicts Stalin Will Now Seek an Understanding with Hitler
1938: Czechoslovakia: Toward a Decision
1938: Karl Kautsky [obiturary]
1938: Trotsky Defends Asylum in Slashing Reply to Toledano
1938: The Decisive Hour in France
1938: Leon Trotsky Hits Back at N.Y. Daily News Slanders
1938: The Transitional Program for Socialist Revolution (Pamphlet - in 3 parts) [ Click Here for PDF version] Significant work!
1938: A Discussion with Trotsky on the Transitional Program (Interview)
1938: The USSR and Problems of the Transitional Epoch (extract from the Transitional Program)
1938: Their Morals and Ours (essay) Significant work!
1938: The Chinese Revolution
1938: On the National Question
1938: Nationalized Industry and Workers' Management
1938: Twenty Years of Stalinist Degeneration

1939

1940

1940: Balance Sheet of the Finnish Events
1940: Petty Bourgeois Moralists and the Proletarian Party (as published in Socialist Appeal)
1940: Letter to the Workers of the USSR (as printed in Socialist Appeal)
1940: The Political Backwardness of American Workers
1940: We Do Not Change Our Course (Article)
1940: The May 24th Attempt to Assassinate Trotsky
1940: Trotsky Letter Exposes Stalin Role in Recent Assassination Attempt (slightly abridged version of the above)
1940: Dialectics Catches Up with Burnham and Shachtman
1940: The Reptile Breed of The Nation
1940: Trotsky Indicts the Kremlin's Role in Europe's Catastrophe
1940: China and the Russian Revolution
1940: Letter to the Herald Tribune
1940: Some Questions on American Problems (draft article)
1940: The "Tanaka Memorial"
1940: The Comintern and GPU [One of Trotsky's last articles]
1940: The Kremlin's Role in the War
1940: The Character of the Russian Revolution as Foreseen by Plekhanov, Lenin and Trotsky (excerpt from Stalin)
1940: Trade Unions in the Epoch of Imperialist Decay
1940: The Second World War
1940: The Class, the Party and the Leadership (unfinished draft article)
1940: Trotsky's Last Article: Bonapartism, Fascism and War
1940: The Jewish Problem
1940: Stalin Seeks My Death
1940: Manifesto of the Fourth International
1940: Stalin - An Appraisal of the Man and his Influence

The Last Letters of Leon Trotsky:
1940: On Japan's Plans for Expansion
1940:On A "Socialist" Ally of Chamberlain
1940:Letter on the Manifesto of the Fourth International
1940:On Conscription
1940:Misfortune of an Intellectual
1940:Nipping A New GPU Lie
1940:To Generous Friends
1940:On A Petty Bourgeois Philistine
1940:How to Defend Ourselves
1940:How to Really Defend Democracy
1940:A Letter to C. Charles
1940:On Dewey's Philosophy
1940:Another Thought on Conscription
1940:Welcome to "Our Small Garrison"
1940:Trotsky' Last Three Letters

Some Notes Written by Leon Trotsky in August 1940:
1940: On The Future of Hitler's Armies

Some works published later
but written in or around 1940

1942: In Defense of Marxism (collection of articles, letters) [ Click here for PDF version] Significant work!
1944: Fascism (pamphlet first published in 1944)

Last updated on: 5 September 2019

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Born: 1879 Died: 1940 Lev Davidovich Bronstein. Leader, with V.I. Lenin, of the Russian Revolution. Architect of the Red Army. Soviet Commissar of Foreign Affairs 1917-1918 and Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs 1918-1924. In 1929, he was expelled from the Communist Party by the Stalinist faction of the Party and then deported from the USSR.

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Primary source documents

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Index of Lenin's Collected Works by Date

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Huge range of primary sources for Tsar Nicholas

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I created the Alexander Palace website in 1997 as a resource for people who wanted to learn more about the palace, the Romanovs and Russian history. In recent years amazing progress has been made in the restoration of the palace by the museum authorities in Tsarskoe Selo. Many books have been published on the subject and hundreds of websites have been created by people all over the world. This is a fantastic ending to a long story that started with me when I was an eight-year-old kid in Mountlake Terrace, Washington.

The Alexander Palace European Royalty and Russian discussion forum is going full blast and I encourage those interested in these subjects to go there and participate.

Bob Atchison

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Alexander Palace Time Machine - Romanov and Russian History

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
I created the Alexander Palace website in 1997 as a resource for people who wanted to learn more about the palace, the Romanovs and Russian history. In recent years amazing progress has been made in the restoration of the palace by the museum authorities in Tsarskoe Selo.

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#1917LIVE: What if Twitter existed 100 years ago?

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#1917LIVE: What if Twitter existed 100 years ago? - Video/Teasers

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Have you dreamed of time travel? Our Twitter-based digital time machine takes you back 100 years, to relive the Russian Revolution.

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Fordham University Modern History Sourcebook

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Fordham University Modern History Sourcebook

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Internet Modern History Sourcebook

Russian Revolution

See Main Page for a guide to all contents of all sections.
General The Tsarist State Back to Index
The Russian Revolution

WEB History of Russia and the former USSR [At Internet Archive]

WEB The Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Internet Archive [At Marxists.org]

WEB The Leon Trotsky Internet Archive [At Marxists.org]

WEB The Josef Marxists [At Marxists.org]

Summary: The Russian Revolution

The Development of the Opposition

Lenin

1905

Workers' Petition, January 9th 1905 (Bloody Sunday) [At SHU] [Internet Archive version here]

Manifesto of 17 October 1905 [At SHU] [Internet Archive version here]

The Russian Fundamental Law of 23 April 1906 [Was At Durham, now Internet Archive]

The Stolypin Agrarian Reform: On Peasants Leaving the Land Commune (obshchina), Ukaz of 9 November 1906 [Was At Durham, now Internet Archive]

Manifesto of June 3rd 1907 (Dissolution of the Second Duma) [At SHU] [Internet Archive version here]

1905 Party Programs

Program of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, 1905 [Was At Durham, now Internet Archive]

Program of the Russian Constitutional Democratic (Kadet) Party, 1905 [Was At Durham, now Internet Archive]

The Octobrists [Was At Durham, now Internet Archive]

The Nationalists [Was At Durham, now Internet Archive]

Programme of the Union of the Russian People, 1905 [Was At Durham, now Internet Archive]

The Bolsheviks, Russian SDP Program, 1 Aug 1903 [Was At Durham, now Internet Archive]

The Menscheviks: On the Seizure of Power and Participation in a Provisional Government, April 1905 [Was At Durham, now Internet Archive]

1917

WEB The October Revolution [At Marxists]
Timeline and many primary source documents.

Telegram from the American Consulate in Sweden to the U.S. Secretary of State March 17, 1917 [At Hanover]

Telegram from the American Consulate in Petrograd to the U.S. Secretary of State March 20, 1917 [At Hanover]

Telegram from the American Consulate in Moscow to the U.S. Secretary of State March 20, 1917 [At Hanover]

Tsar Nicholas II, Abdication March 15, 1917 [Was At Durham, now Internet Archive]

The First Provisional Government Izvestiia, 3 March 1917 [Was At Durham, now Internet Archive]

Resolutions adopted by the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets June 1917 [Was At Durham, now Internet Archive]

Vladmir Illyich Lenin (1870-1924): On His April Theses [Was At Durham, now Internet Archive]

Vladmir Illyich Lenin (1870-1924): Call to Power Oct 24, 1917 [At this Site]

Declaration of the Rights of the Toilng and Exploited Peoples 1917(?) [Was At Durham, now Internet Archive]

Vladmir Illyich Lenin (1870-1924): On the Organization of and Extraordinary Commission to Fight Counter Revolution, Letter to Dzerzhinskii, December 19, 1917 [Was At Durham, now Internet Archive]
The origins of the Cheka, NKVD, and KGB.

Anatoly Vasilievich Lunacharsky: Leo Trotsky, from Revolutionary Silhouttes [At Marxists.org]

Louise Bryant (1885-1939): Six Red Months in Russia: An Observers Account of Russia Before and During the Proletarian Dictatorship 1918, full text [At Marxists.org]

John Reed (1887-1920): Ten Days that Shook the World 1919, full text [At Marxists.org]

YouTube: The Russian Revolution, from the film Reds 1981, based on the experiences of Louise Bryant and her husband John Reed [YouTube links are subject to change.]
The entire October Revolution takes place during a singing of theThe Internationale.

Back to Index
Bolshevik Rule to 1924
Back to Index
Stalinism

WEB Revelations From the Russian Archives [At Library of Congress]
A tremendous resource from an exhibition in 1992.

WEB The Great Terror 1939-1939 [At Marxists]
Timeline and many primary source documents.

Josef Stalin (1879-1953): Marxism and the National Question 1913 [At Marxists]

Josef Stalin (1879-1953): Trotskyism or Leninism? 1924 [At Marxists]

Josef Stalin (1879-1953): Industrialization of the Country 1928 [At this Site]

Josef Stalin (1879-1953): Dialectical and Historical Materialism 1938 [At Marxists]

Dizzy With Success: Concerning Questions of the Collective Farm Movement from Pravda, March 2, 1930. [Was At Durham, now Internet Archive]

Collective Farms of the Union 1929-1940 [Was At Durham, now Internet Archive]

Memorandum on the Grain Problem 1932 [At Library of Congress]
The memo which indicates the deliberate start of the Ukrainian famine.

Joseph Stalin: Dialectical and Historical Materialism (September 1938) [At Artbin] [Internet Archive version here]

Hymn to Stalin [At this Site]
The cult of personality.

Osip Mandelstam (1934?), and Yevgeny Yevtushenko (1962): Poems on Stalin [At this Site]

The Soviet Purges: Official Explanation, 1936, excerpts [At this Site]

The Case of the Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Centre, Heard before the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the U.S.S.R., Moscow, August 19-24, 1936" (Overview) [Divided into 10 files][At Artbin] [Internet Archive versionhere]

N.I. Bukharin: Last Plea, from "The case of the Anti-Soviet 'Bloc of Rights and Trotskyites', Heard before the Military Colegium of the Supreme Court of the U.S.S.R., Moscow, March 2-13, 1938 [At Artbin] [Internet Archive versionhere]

Rapprochement between The Orthodox Church and Soviet Government. Speech of M. G. Karpov at Council of the Orthodox Church, 1945. [Was At Durham, now Internet Archive]

Back to Index
NOTES:

The Internet Modern Sourcebook is part of the Internet History Sourcebooks Project. The date of inception was 9/22/1997. Links to files at other site are indicated by [At some indication of the site name or location]. Locally available texts are marked by [At this Site]. WEB indicates a link to one of small number of high quality web sites which provide either more texts or an especially valuable overview.

The Site Concept and Design: created 26 Jan 1996: latest revision 20 November 2023 [ Internet History Sourcebooks Project is located at the History Department of Fordham University, New York. The Internet Medieval Sourcebook, and other medieval components of the project, are located at the Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies.The IHSP recognizes the contribution of Fordham University, the Fordham University History Department, and the Fordham Center for Medieval Studies in providing web space and server support for the project. The IHSP is a project independent of Fordham University. Although the IHSP seeks to follow all applicable copyright law, Fordham University is not the institutional owner, and is not liable as the result of any legal action. Paul Halsall CV]

©

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Internet History Sourcebooks: Modern History

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Internet Modern History Sourcebook Russian Revolution See Main Page for a guide to all contents of all sections.