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This disease can be  diagnosed by a periodontal examination, which should be a common procedure when going in for a regular check up. The dentist or Hygienist will assess the patients  teeth and gums using a (small dental instrument) called the periodontal probe. It will allow them to measure the sulcus ( pockets and space) between the tooth and gums. The depth of a healthy sulcus measures 3mm or less and does not bleed. The periodontal probe helps indicate if pockets are deeper than 3mm. As periodontal disease progresses, the pockets usually get deeper. The dentist or hygienist will use pocket depths, amount of bleeding, inflammation, tooth mobility, etc. to make a diagnosis that will fall into these categories of Periodontal Disease:  1st stage: Gingivitis, 2nd stage: Periodontitis, and 3rd stage:  Advance Periodontitis. Resulting in Periodontal Disease.

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Gram-negative Anaerobic Bacteria.
(Porphyromonas, gingivalis)

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Porphyromonas gingivalis,  This bacteria secrets toxic factors, such as, Lipopolysaccharide, gingipains, fimbriae/pilli, collagenase, lectins, capsules, proteas, and superoxide dismuase. What these factors do is activate a wide range of host immune response causing defense cells to release numerous inflammatory response, which causes the gums to have long lasting effects of inflammation, leading to disease due to not being able to eliminate the microbial challenge.

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1.) Swollen/puffy gums
2.) Bad breath
3.) Tender, Bleeding, Discolored gums-
(bright red, dusky red or purplish)
4.) Pink-tinged toothbrush after brushing.
5.) Spitting out blood while brushing or flossing
6.) Pus between your teeth & gums
7.) Loose teeth or loss of teeth
8.) Painful chewing
9.) Receding gum line
10.) New spaces developing between your teeth.
11.) Changes in the way your teeth fit together when you bite.

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Physical contact:
The bacteria that causes this disease ( Anaerobic Bacteria), can be transmitted by kissing through saliva. Also by Vehicle transmission: sharing a drink, piece of food, or eating utensil with someone who has  a lot of these bad bacteria in their mouth. Researches also have included it could be genetic related as well.

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When left untreated perinodal disease can become chronic leading to damage of the tooth, gum tissue, and the jaw bone in sever cases.

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There are many treatments for periodontal disease, one of them being the use of Metronidazole, which is pared with Amoxicillin and Tetracycline, these are antibiotics which are commonly used for patients with chronic cases, followed by scaling and root planing. A procedure done at your local dentistry. Using various types of dental curettes, scaling removes plaque and tartar from below the gum line, and root planing smoothes the tooth root and helps the gum reattach to the tooth. These antibiotics get down under to the pockets of the gums where scaling and root planing cannot. Targeting the bacteria, Tetracycline reduces inflammation and blocks collagease which is a protein that destroys the connective tissue and bone. Amonxicillin, prevents microbes from forming walls, which is how these bacteria reproduce and survive. Metronidazole fights against the whole body of bacteria, but its important to use with the help of other antibiotics. After scaling and root planing take place, patients can be prescribed these three antibiotics and have promising results in a months time. Needless to say, patients still need to keep up good hygiene prior to treatment.

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-In the US: 47.2% of adults aged 30 and older have some sort of periodontal disease and 70.1% of adults aged at 65 years and older.
-More common in men than women (56.4% vs. 38.4%)
-Living below property level (65.4%)
-Less than high school education (66.9%)
-Smokers (64.2%)
World Wide:
-The 11th most prevalent condition in the world back in (2016). The prevalence was reported to range from 20%-50% around the world.
-It is now known to have been declining around the world.

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1.) Brush and floss teeth twice  a day or between meals.
2.) Preventing dry mouth.
(drink lost of water.)
3.) Overall keep good oral hygiene.

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-If you are 35 years of age you can loose more teeth to gum disease than to cavities
-30 percent of people experience gum disease due to genetics
-Common cause of Bad Breath
-Starts with Gingivitis
-Can be spread from mother to fetus.

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1.)https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3086469/
2.)https://www.wiseddsoakpark.com/post/is-gum-disease-contagious-by-kissing
3.)https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/scaling-and-root-planing#:~:text=Scaling%20and%20root%20planing%20constitutes%20the%20central%20element,removes%20endotoxins%20and%20helps%20activate%20the%20immune%20system.
4.)https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6657652/