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https://www.dw.com/en/a-ban-on-child-labor-in-africa-is-not-enough/a-49147888

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Decreased agricultural production. The epidemic had an adverse effect on agricultural market chains in the three West African countries, particularly on communities that rely on agriculture as a main source of income. The Ebola epidemic mostly impacted the transporting of agricultural goods to consumption areas.
https://www.mercycorps.org/blog/ebola-outbreaks-africa-guide/chapter-4

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HIV causes AIDS and interferes with the body's ability to fight infections.

The virus can be transmitted through contact with infected blood, 🤬, or vaginal fluids.

Within a few weeks of HIV infection, flu-like symptoms such as fever, sore throat, and fatigue can occur. Then the disease is usually asymptomatic until it progresses to AIDS. AIDS symptoms include weight loss, fever or night sweats, fatigue, and recurrent infections.

No cure exists for AIDS, but strict adherence to anti-retro viral therapy (ART) can dramatically slow the disease's progress, prevent secondary infections and complications, and prolong life. it is also rare only 200,000 people have it.

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some people hunt because they need to,but other people do it for fun or they kill animals in Africa for strophe or they sell their meat, fear and more. some people say "Hunters say that they see the sport as a tradition that tests their skills and abilities." They makes the sport for me very unusual but for other people it could be cool to them. we all have our opinion. By:Xzavier Evangelista Molina

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by:audrina Malone

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How African animals are becoming extinct?   

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How African animals are becoming extinct?   

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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Over the many years of people trying to help Africa's environment many animals nothing ever went up in numbers very fast, because of poachers and diseases mostly poachers. The impact that the poachers have are huge elephants are dieing every day because of there illegal hunt, So that's why  there are special forces of people who are trying to save Africa's wildlife go into like a military training and go to find and catch the poachers. But there is different ways to help extinction from happening like try breeding them and that can make numbers go up to. There are so many ways that can be considered to helping animals from extinction but we have to try.

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Over 600 million adolescents cant read or do basic math. The problem with this is that when they don't know how to read or do basic math then it makes their life a LOT harder. imagine you're at a restaurant and you ask for the bill you wouldn't be able to pay the right amount. Also we should contribute by donating money to kids if Africa so that they can pay to go to school

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I did a essay on why kids have to deal with child labor in Africa.

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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Ebola is one of the deadliest viruses, discovered in 1976. Ebola has restricted transportation and trade, this is because its to slow the transmission of this virus, this also affects their economy. It reduced the tourism, affecting the economy heavily because of this. It decreased agricultural production and mining activities. It also caused less investors for Ebola infested areas in Africa. US has sent over 3 billion dollars to Africa to help fight against the virus.

https://www.mercycorps.org/blog/ebola-outbreaks-africa-guide/chapter-4

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Enjoy my story Guys!.

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It's important to know that when you think of conservation in africa you can't only think of the animals you have to look at the bigger picture. Such as how people are throwing away items that need to be recycled, and poachers aren't the only ones killing animals. Everyone you've ever seen or even heard has most liked throw away a recyclable before and thats something we as a community need to stop. This is why animals are getting straws in there noses and mouth and dying from it. We can't even begin to imagine a world without humans, its just something that not one organization in the world can stop.

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Gimkit is a game show for the classroom that requires knowledge, collaboration, and strategy to win.

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The extent of air pollution across the continent, and how it affects people’s health, has been difficult to quantify. In the new study, researchers used satellite data and models of atmospheric chemistry and health to fill in some of the data gaps. Surprisingly, they found that a majority of deaths due to poor air quality are caused by particulate matter carried by Sahara Desert dust storms. This pollution really  must stop it causes gases around the area and they spread fast, the trees can get contaminated which will make matters worse. everybody will get sick and die big yikes. How do we stop this you say? maybe if the government or scientists check whats wrong with africa and fix it

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I made a Kahoot on Trade and Physical Geography in Africa.

https://create.kahoot.it/details/how-does-geography-effect-africa-s-trade/85bbe41a-c612-4b73-bd61-00db10c77e36

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Trophy hunting is the killing of animals as souvenirs

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by Claire gutknecht

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How does trophy hunting affect animals in Africa and why do humans do it?

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How does trophy hunting affect animals in Africa and why do humans do it?

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By: Ayden Bradley
Trophy hunting is very cruel. it is the killing of animals for fun. Many Americans do it. And they mostly hunt in Africa. And a lot of species there are going extinct due to another hunting game, poaching. Lions, elephants, leopards, rhinos, and buffaloes are all " big game" in Africa. Basically all the animals in the most hunted list are going extinct except for buffalo. People pay big money to shoot animals. They even end up shooting protected animals too. Like Cecil and his son were both protected and killed after being in agony for hours. in the end, trophy hunting is basically poaching in an legal form.

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the child labor rate in Africa is about 10% of all children in the world, working for some of our own used cosmetics, foods, and items. there is an estimated 168 million children working, according to study.com. The cultural background of child labor assumes that children have to work hard because this way, they can cope as an adult. children learn the values of a community, by working, and contribute to the development of the community. but who is watching them, and making sure they are OK. they have to watch for each other, and work together. there are many brands that you may use that you'd be should shocked to find out that use child labor in the making. these include, Nestle, H & M, Microsoft, and many many more. all of theses brands are linked with child labor, even though child labor is illegal, it is still happening, many have tried to end this but this is there way of money, and economy in our world.

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What influence does African Wildlife Conservation have on protecting the Ecosystem?

1. To Protect populations from decline, there are safe guards like training rangers what to look out for and by using sniffing dogs to stop wildlife traffickers.
2. There are volunteers and courses of conservationists implementing anti-poaching measures, finding funding, and educating communities on the importance of protecting the ecosystem.
3. Dallol is a Volcano in Ethiopia. It is in the Danakil Depression, a sunken landform with hott springs, geysers, that make cones of salt and green acid ponds. It is known as the hottest place on earth, reaching temperatures of up to 131degrees F. In 2017, scientist have found living microbes within the springs. It is detrimental to consere the wildlife and terrain in Africa for this very reason as it plays an important role in the natural recycling process of our planet earth.

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By jordin

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By: Rylie Bagneski
https://www.gimkit.com/host/5ed9077d0316630022699c45

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Much of the intra-African trade consists of consumables—food, drinks, tobacco, sugar, cattle, and meat. The growth of industrialization in some countries, however, has been accompanied by an increase in the trade of durable and nondurable manufactured goods.

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The most proverty is in Nigeria, D.R. Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya, Madagascar, Kenya, Mozambique, Uganda, and Malawi what is making the proverty is the lack of shelter limted supply or clean resourses lack of health even food insecurity. over 30 percent kids in africa suffer from growth disorders.

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Many different parts of Africa trade with other parts of Africa like the west side trade gold and cloth and they trade from the north side of Africa for horses ,books,swords and chain mail and when they trade it called trans-Saharan because when they trade they crossed the dessert.

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Male lions are being hunted and that leaves the lioness and cubs alone. When they're alone the pride is in danger. Killing dominant males leaves the juveniles alone and they can wander into the homes of the African people and kill their livestock. People are even killing elephants for their tusks and selling them. The Big Five are in danger! Trophy Hunting should be banned!

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Causes of poverty is changing trends in a country's economy. Associated with the lack of education, high  divorce rate, a culture of poverty illiteracy, overpopulation, malaria and environmental problems such as lack of rain. 1 billion children are living in poverty. the poverty rate in 2020 is about 9% but that is still about 1 million! we need to fix this! written by: ava burgos

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Crucially, children could be paid less, were less likely to organize into unions and their small stature enabled them to complete tasks in factories or mines that would be challenging for adults”  “Working children were unable to attend school—creating a cycle of poverty that was difficult to break. and

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https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1-uQSwa1UWKtYYDOhYc7FbuOqeGbDFqlDsFy_16arYBA/edit#slide=id.p

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The disease the black plague or better known as the Black Death, was one of the most powerful diseases ever. it wiped out about 70-200 million people. The Plague could be passed through drinking through the same cup, interaction, breathing the same air, or getting bit by a flea that has sucked off certain animals. It affected people in Africa by wiping out almost 50% of people. And still is affecting them today. Because of poverty in Africa vaccines for the disease are very hard to come by and people who have similar illnesses today infect there community do to no medical  survives and no sanitation. This affects Africa as a whole because people are demanding for money to help treat the disease `that the country does not have.

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Food insecurity and hunger are caused by many factors, often being intertwined with one another. In general, the principal causes of hunger include poverty, conflict, climate and weather, lack of investment in agriculture, and unstable markets. https://www.worldhunger.org/

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What Effect Does Hunting Bush meat Have On Africa? 

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What Effect Does Hunting Bush meat Have On Africa? 

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By: Sarah Freek

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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I created a kahoot about animal poaching and how they hurt the wildlife BY: Eden Nguyen😇😇

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In Africa there is a different violence than the violence here in America. Of course I want to stop  all violence but I think violence is worse in Africa because it is not like the violence in America, Africa doesn't have the best law enforcement than America. I just think we need to stop violence. There has been a lot of violence in Africa and most of it is domestic violence. It is not okay to beat someone or anything to harm the person at that fact. The crime rates have been going slowly up and down these past years. The police need to do something about this problem sooner or later, it is getting out of hand. We need to end violence against women in Africa, they are just trying to live their life to the fullest. African women are at risk for more violence then anyone else, we need to stop this violence so these woman can live their lives to the fullest they can be.- Mercedes Mullen

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I made a kahoot to show what I learned about African trade it ten questions long. Hope you enjoy.

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/10LbgCNtw9uIkBBbRU1f-ZGxHWeJ2FX7KGypU3CvzHlk/edit# This is a link to my essay.

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(the file was to large but i will put the bibliography here)
“Child Labour.” Humanium, 4 Oct. 2017, www.humanium.org/en/child-labour/.
“Hazardous Child Labour (IPEC).” Hazardous Child Labour (IPEC), www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/WorstFormsofChildLabour/Hazardouschildlabour/lang--en/index.htm.
“Quick Facts About Child Labor.” And Statistics about Child Labor Around The World - Compassion International, www.compassion.com/poverty/child-labor-quick-facts.htm.
History.com Editors. “Child Labor.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 27 Oct. 2009, www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/child-labor.
blob:https://www.history.com/88629a2d-958d-4014-9275-65c6c706b0a3 (sitation machine wouldn't let me site it)
“The University of Iowa Labor Center.” Causes of Child Labor | The University of Iowa Labor Center, laborcenter.uiowa.edu/special-projects/child-labor-public-education-project/about-child-labor/causes-child-labor.

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By: Elle VandeBogert

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Why are violence rates in Africa so high?

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Why are violence rates in Africa so high?

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By: Lana Dragicevic,
Sup y'all, have a nice and AMAZING summer break!!! Hope I'll see y'all next year!

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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I have Chosen to do a Crossword Puzzle and show the side effects of when Ebola hit the world.
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1n5QbjjVyiLgNzA5eYVZrLCh1IPqU_fZ7Xr9RLZF-oFo/edit?usp=sharing

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What impacts all of the education in Africa?

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What impacts all of the education in Africa?

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Africa has a little amount of public schools, so they would have to travel to be able to go to a public school. It is hard for the teacher to get a good education to teach a good education. It is widely accepted that most of Africa’s education and training programs suffer from low-quality teaching and learning, as well as inequalities and exclusion at all levels. Even with a substantial increase in the number of children with access to basic education, a large number still remain out of school.

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How is Africas education different than Americas?

I made a poster and it talks about why kids aren't getting the education they need and the problems they face while not having education and how people in Africa live differently the people in the US.

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Ebola is a virus that is transmitted through animals.

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How can trophy hunting help wild animals in Africa?

-TROPHY HUNTING can play an essential role in the conservation of African wildlife, according to a growing number of biologists.

-Trophy hunting can restore wild populations.

-Trophy hunting can maintain areas of land for conservation.
-18,500 sport hunters pay over 200 million dollars a year to hunt large animals.
-"Sport hunting can be sustainable if carefully managed," said Peter Lindsey, a conservation biologist with the university of Zimbabwe in Harare.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2007/03/trophy-hunting-africa-save-animals-conservation-news/

-If trophy hunting stops, it can actually be worse because the animals are already endangered.

-Trophy hunting needs to be well managed in order for it to be successful.

-trophy hunting can protect the wildlife habitat. https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/24/opinions/trophy-hunting-decline-of-species-opinion-dickman/index.html

-Trophy hunting can protect the wildlife from poachers.

-a fenced off conservancy, the size of Road island is necessary to protect the animals inside and the people outside.

-conservancy budget is 2.5 million dollars. 80 percent of this money comes from trophy hunters.
-Conservancy budget is 2.5 million dollars. 80 percent of this money comes from trophy hunters.
-The black rhino is endangered and can not be hunted by trophy hunters. It is protected in the conservancy in Africa from poachers.
-The African bush elephant is endangered. The conservancy protects the species from poachers

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NdopGBtb0A

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"The President of Panthera, a conservation group for big cats and their ecosystems, argues that trophy hunting gives African governments economic incentives to leave safari blocks as wilderness, and that hunting remains the most effective tool to protect wilderness in many parts of Africa." 👇

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Trophy hunting or sport hunting is hunting of wild game for human recreation. The trophy is the animal or part of the animal kept, and usually displayed, to represent the success of the hunt. The game sought is typically a large or impressively ornamented male, such as one having large horns or antlers. Generally, only parts of the animal are kept as a trophies (usually the head, skin, horns or antlers) and the carcass itself is used for food.

Trophies are often displayed in the hunter's home or office, and often in specially designed "trophy rooms", sometimes called "game rooms" or "gun rooms", in which the hunter's weaponry is displayed as well.

Trophy hunting has both firm supporters and strong opponents. Debates surrounding trophy hunting centrally concern not only the question of the morality of recreational hunting and supposed conservation efforts of big-game and ranch hunting, but also the observed decline in animal species that are targets for trophy hunting.

Trophy hunting has been practiced in Africa and is still practiced in many African countries. According to a study sponsored by International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation (CIC) in partnership with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the revenue generated by hunting tourism in seven Southern African Development Communities (SADC) in 2008 was approximately US$190 million. The practice of trophy hunting supersedes that of ranch or farm hunting, but game ranches helped to legitimize trophy hunting as a facet of the tourism industry in Africa. The first game ranches in Africa were established in the 1960s, and the concept quickly grew in proliferation. Statistics from 2000 illustrate that there were approximately 7000 game farms and reservations operating within South Africa, established on about 16 million hectares of land in the country. Game ranches attract wealthy tourists interested in hunting, as well as foreign investors on a large scale.

However, South African Environmental Affairs Minister, Edna Molewa, contradicts Flocken's conclusions by stating that the hunting industry has contributed millions to South Africa's economy in past years. In the 2010 hunting season, total revenue of approximately R1.1 billion was generated by the local and trophy hunting industries collectively. "This amount only reflects the revenue generated through accommodation and species fees. The true revenue is therefore substantially higher, as this amount does not even include revenue generated through the associated industries as a result of the multiplier effect", according to Molewa. South Africa's canned lion industry however runs the risk of damaging 'Brand South Africa' and it's profitable nature tourism industry.

After the public outcry from the Killing of Cecil the lion, awareness of this sport was raised worldwide. Attention also focussed on North American sport hunting, in particular the cougar. The cougar, also called the mountain lion, puma, or panther, is hunted for sport across its expansive habitat. According to the Washington, the only federally protected populations in the country are the Florida panther and the Eastern cougar, believed to be extinct.

Several states-including Colorado, Utah and Washington-in recent years have proposed an increase in cougar hunting for various reasons, California is currently the only state throughout the West that prohibits cougar hunting.

North American trophy hunting should not be confused with canned hunting or "vanity hunting", which involves the shooting of genetically manipulated and selectively bred animals for the sole purpose of collecting an animal for display. The Boone and Crockett Club disavows this practice and actively campaigns against it.

Ranch hunting is a form of big-game hunting where the animals hunted are specifically bred on a ranch for trophy hunting purposes.

Many species of game such as the Indian blackbuck, nilgai, axis deer, barasingha, the Iranian red sheep, and variety of other species of deer, sheep, and antelope, as well as tigers and lions and hybrids of these from Africa, Asia, and the Pacific islands were introduced to ranches in Texas and Florida for the sake of trophy hunting.

These animals are typically hunted on a fee for each kill, with hunters paying $4,000 or more to be able to hunt exotic game. As many of these species are endangered or threatened in their native habitat, the United States' government requires 10% of the hunting fee to be given to conservation efforts in the areas where these animals are indigenous. Hunting of endangered animals in the United States is normally illegal under the Endangered Species Act, but is permitted on these ranches since the rare animals hunted there are not indigenous to the United States.

The Humane Society of the United States has criticized these ranches and their hunters with the reasoning that they are still hunting endangered animals even if the animals were raised specifically to be hunted.

Game auctions help provide game farms and reserves with their wildlife. These facilities are important in terms of tourism in Africa, one of the continent's largest economic sectors, accounting for almost 5% of South Africa's GDP, for example. South Africa in particular is the main tourist destination on the continent, and as a result, hosts a large number of game auctions, farms, and reservations. Game auctions serve as competitive markets that allow farm and reservation owners to bid on and purchase animals for their facilities. Animals purchased at auctions for these purposes are commonly bought directly as game, or are then bred to supply facilities. Animals used for breeding are generally females, which cost more on average than males due to the increased breeding prospects they present. In addition to sex, other factors that contribute to the prices of animals on auction include the demand for particular species (based on their overall rarity) and the costs of maintaining them. Animals that receive increased interest from poachers, such as rhinos or elephants due to their ivory horns and tusks, present additional risks to game farm operations, and do not typically sell well at auction. However other herbivores, specifically ungulate species, tend to fetch exponentially higher sums than carnivores. Prices for these animals can reach into the hundreds of thousands in South African rands, equivalent to tens of thousands of American dollars.

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it.

Trophy hunting is legal in many countries; however, there are restrictions on the species that can be hunted, when hunting can take place, and the weapons that can be used. Permits and government consent are also required. Specific laws of trophy hunting vary based on the criteria mentioned, and some areas have even banned trophy hunting all together. Costa Rica, Kenya and Malawi, are amongst the countries which have chosen to ban trophy hunting. Specific laws of trophy hunting usually concern endangered animals in an effort to protect them from extinction. In 1973, the United States passed a law called the Endangered Species Act. This was meant to stop hunting and trafficking of many endangered species in the U.S. that are looked at as prized by many hunters such as the Wood Bison and Polar Bear.

Trophy hunting imports are banned in the Netherlands, France and Australia.

Trophy hunting was introduced by the British Colonials in an era of plentiful wildlife. It has never been a part of African culture. The Maasai tribes of Kenya and Tanzania have turned their backs on the rite of passage of lion killing and now conserve lions, mindful of the reduced numbers of lions, they decided to reduce the size of their cattle herds.

Some argue it can provide economic incentives to conserve areas for wildlife 'if it pays it stays' and there are some research studies in Conservation Biology, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use, and Animal Conservation. There are concerns that the same species targeted by trophy hunters are key individuals to their herds. It is now estimated only around 40 great tuskers, elephants with tusks to the ground are left. Mature elephant bulls are now known to be the favoured bulls for breeding females, and to have a stabilising effect on younger males. The trophy hunters favoured lion target is a mature male lion with an impressive mane, these males are 'pride' lions, their loss could equate to as many as 20 lions, as a new pride male will kill cubs when he takes over the pride which has lost it's dominant male lion.

Tanzania has an estimated 40 percent of the population of lions. Its wildlife authorities defend their success in keeping such numbers (as compared to countries like Kenya, where lion numbers have plummeted dramatically) as linked to the use of trophy hunting as a conservation tool. According to Alexander N. Songorwa, director of wildlife for the Tanzanian Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, trophy hunting generated roughly $75 million for Tanzania's economy from 2008 to 2011.

When poorly managed, trophy hunting can cause negative ecological impacts for the target species such as altered age/sex structures, social disruption, deleterious genetic effects, and even population declines in the event of excessive off-takes, as well as threaten the conservation and influence the behavior of non-target species. The conservation role of the industry is also hindered by governments and hunting operators that fail to devolve adequate benefits to local communities, reducing incentives for them to protect wildlife, and by unethical activities, such as shooting from vehicles and canned hunting, conducted by some attract negative press. While locals may hunt certain species as pests, particularly carnivorous species such as leopards, these animals, as well as lions and cougars, are known to exhibit infanticidal tendencies which can be exacerbated by the removal of adult males from their populations. Males are trophy hunted more frequently than females. However, the removal of these males still degrades the networks and groups these species create in order to survive and provide for offspring. Hunting regulations and laws proposing constant proportions or thresholds of community members for these species have been proposed in African nations such as Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe, but are exceptionally difficult to enforce due to the logistics of tracking carnivore populations.

According to the Smithsonian Institution and the World Wildlife Fund, wildlife populations have decreased by an alarming rate of 52% since 1970. This is heavily concentrated on mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles. The decline is attributed to several reasons including over-exploitation, habitat loss, pollution and climate change.

The graph depicts lion population decline from the 1800s. This information was taken from the National Geographic Big Cats Initiative.

A 2005 paper by Nigel Leader-Williams and colleagues in the Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy asserted that the legalization of white rhinoceros hunting in South Africa motivated private landowners to reintroduce the species onto their lands. As a result, white rhinos increased from fewer than one hundred individuals to more than 11,000. Leader-Williams's study also showed that trophy hunting in Zimbabwe doubled wildlife areas relative to state protected areas. The implementation of controlled and legalized hunting led to an increase in the area of suitable land available to elephants and other wildlife, which "reversed the problem of habitat loss and helping to maintain a sustained population increase in Zimbabwe's already large elephant population".

A scientific study in the journal, Biological Conservation by Diogo Andrade, states that trophy hunting is of "major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas, including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism". Financial incentives from trophy hunting effectively more than double the land area that is used for wildlife conservation, relative to what would be conserved relying on national parks alone, according to the study published in Biological Conservation.

A study published in the journal Animal Conservation and led by Peter Lindsey of Kenya's Mpala Research Centre concluded that most trophy hunters assure that they are concerned about the conservation, ethical, and social issues that hunting raises. The study interviewed 150 Americans who had hunted in Africa before, or who planned to do so within three years. For example, hunters assure that they were much less willing to hunt in areas where African wild dogs or cheetahs were illegally shot than their hunting operators perceived, and they also showed greater concern for social issues than their operators realized, with a huge willingness to hunt in areas were local people lived and benefited from hunting (Fig.1). Eighty-six percent of hunters told the researchers they preferred hunting in an area where they knew that a portion of the proceeds went back into local communities. A certification system could therefore allow hunters to select those operators who benefit local people and conduct themselves in a conservation-friendly manner.

Cougar hunting quotas have had a negative effect on the animals' population. According to Robert Wieglus, director of Large Carnivore Conservation Lab at Washington State University, when too many cougars are killed demographic issues can be seen in the cat's population. The male cougar is extremely territorial and will often seek out females in the territory to both mate and kill any cubs to ensure room for their own offspring. Oftentimes these are young "teenage" males who are hormonal and unpredictable.

These "teenage" lions are mostly responsible for killed livestock and unwanted human interaction. In addition, they often drive females with cubs into hiding or new territory, forcing the females to hunt new prey they did not before.

"Basically the bottom line was this heavy hunting of cougars was actually causing all the problems we were seeing", Wielgus said of his work in Washington.

Please This section's representation of one or more viewpoints about a controversial issue may be unbalanced or inaccurate. improve the article or discuss the issue on the talk page.

According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, trophy hunting "provides an economic incentive" for ranchers to continue to breed those species, and that hunting "reduces the threat of the species' extinction".

According to Dr G.C. Dry, former President of Wildlife Ranching South Africa, wildlife ranches have contributed greatly to the South African economy. In his paper "COMMERCIAL WILDLIFE RANCHING'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE GREEN ECONOMY", he states that "commercial wildlife ranching is about appropriate land-use and rural development; it is less about animals per se, not a white affluent issue, not a conservation at-all-cost issue, but about economic sustainability". Dr Dry's paper concludes that "It is a land-use option that is ecologically appropriate, economically sustainable, politically sensitive, and finally, socially just", however no references or sources are provided for the data used.

Regulations, ban and effects

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service imposed a ban on imports. This ban is limited to elephant trophies from Zimbabwe and Tanzania for 2014-2015 and likely going to extend and expand.

In 2001, Botswana instituted a one-year ban on lion hunting. They had previously permitted the hunting of fifty lions each year, which caused a shortage in mature males in the population, as the hunters preferred the lions with the largest manes. After the ban, Safari Club International including prominent member, former President George H. W. Bush successfully lobbied the Botswanan government to reverse the ban.

In the wake of the killing of Cecil the lion, Emirates Airlines, American Airlines, Delta, and United Airlines have all banned the transportation of hunting trophies on flights.

On the contrary, Kenya, which banned trophy hunting in 1977, has seen a 70 percent decline of wild animals according to Laurence Frank, a zoology researcher at the University of California at Berkeley and director of the conservation group Living with Lions. Because the government has no incentive to protect wild animals, effective enforcement on protecting animals has been a disaster according to Frank.

According to a 2012 article by P. Lindsey and G. Balme, if lion hunting was effectively precluded, trophy hunting could potentially become financially unviable across at least 59,538 km ² that could result in a concomitant loss of habitat.

However, the loss of lion hunting could have other potentially broader negative impacts including reduction of competitiveness of wildlife-based land uses relative to ecologically unfavorable alternatives.

Restrictions on lion hunting may also reduce tolerance for the species among communities where local people benefit from trophy hunting, and may reduce funds available for anti-poaching.

Opponents voice strong opinions against trophy hunting based on the belief that it is immoral and lacks financial contribution to the communities affected by trophy hunting and to conservation efforts. National Geographic, for example, published a report in 2015 which says government corruption, especially in Zimbabwe, prevents elephant hunting fees from going towards any conservation efforts, with authorities keeping the fees for themselves. Governments also take more wildlife areas to profit from poaching and trophy hunting. Similarly, a 2017 report by the Australian-based Economists at Large says that trophy hunting amounted to less than one percent of tourism revenue in eight African countries. According to an IUCN report from 2009, surrounding communities in West Africa receive little benefit from the hunting-safari business. Trophy hunting has received a large amount of popular attention internationally as a result of incidents such as the death of Cecil the Lion, garnering a widely negative perception of the practice in many sectors of the general populace. Attention has been drawn both popularly and academically to the ethics of trophy hunting and trophy hunting facilities. Generally speaking, ethical arguments against trophy or sport hunting practices frame them as exploitative and abusive against animals. Evidence has been found illustrating that wild game hunting can also impact the reproductive and social processes of animal species, as well as increase aggression between species members, ultimately impacting the stability of different wildlife communities.

Opponents also cite that the genetic health and social behaviors of species is adversely affected because hunters often kill the largest or most significant male of a species. The removal the most significant animals (because of the size of their horns or mane for example) can severely affect the health of a species population. As Dr Rob Knell states 'Because these high-quality males with large secondary sexual traits tend to father a high proportion of the offspring, their 'good genes' can spread rapidly, so populations of strongly sexually selected animals can adapt quickly to new environments. Removing these males reverses this effect and could have serious and unintended consequences. If the population is having to adapt to a new environment and you remove even a small proportion of these high quality males, you could drive it to extinction.'

A 2011 study published in Conservation Biology found that trophy hunting was the leading factor in the decline of lion populations in Tanzania.

The U.S. House Committee on Natural Resources in 2016 concluded that trophy hunting may be contributing to the extinction of certain animals. The 25 page report is called Missing the Mark.

Conservationist groups such as IFAW and HSUS assert that trophy hunting is a key factor in the "silent extinction" of giraffes.

Many of the 189 countries signatory to the 1992 Rio Accord have developed biodiversity action plans that discourage the hunting of protected species.

PETA is also opposed to trophy hunting on the basis that it is unnecessary and cruel. The opposition from PETA is on the basis of the moral justification of hunting for sport. The pain that the animals suffer is not justified by the enjoyment that the hunters receive.

The League Against Cruel Sports also opposes trophy hunting for the reason that even if the animal that is being hunted for a trophy is not endangered, it is still unjustified to kill them. They respond to claims of economic benefits as false justifications for the continuance of the inhumane sport.

The David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust, an elephant conservation organization, believe that elephants bring in significantly more revenue from tourists who want to see them alive. Their 2013 report stated "alive, they benefit local communities and economies; dead they benefit criminal and even terrorist groups".

Proponents of trophy hunting claim many hunting fees go toward conservation, such as portions of hunting license fees, hunting tags and ammunition taxes. In addition, private groups, such as the National Shooting Sports Foundation, which contributed more than $400,000 in 2005, and smaller private groups also contribute significant funds; for example, the Grand Slam Club Ovis has raised more than $6.3 million to date for the conservation of sheep. Proponents of game and trophy hunting claim that the economic benefits presented by the practice are essential to nations in which ecotourism is not as viable or popular. Additionally, locals in more rural areas of Africa express that there is tension between human communities and certain species that pose dangers to them and their livestock. Members of these communities rely on current hunting regulations that allow them to retaliate or preempt against the threats these species can pose. Programs such as CAMPFIRE (Communal Areas Management Program for Indigenous Resources) in Zimbabwe have been implemented to allow landowners to benefit from the presence of wildlife on their land by marketing it to individuals such as safari owners or game ranch owners, framing wildlife as a renewable resource. Aside from the economic boon presented by the program, CAMPFIRE has also served to mitigate illegal poaching or hunting in certain areas, as well as helping farmers more easily access essential resources that they sometimes have to compete with animal communities for.

Organizations that support trophy hunting as a tool for conservation include Boone and Crockett Club, The National Wildlife Federation, The Wilderness Society, The Izzaak Walton League of America, North American Wildlife Foundation, Outdoor Writers Association of America, Ducks Unlimited, World Wildlife Fund, The American Forestry Association, Wildlife Legislative Fund of America, Wildlife Management Institute, The Wildlife Society, and IUCN.

The President of Panthera, a conservation group for big cats and their ecosystems, argues that trophy hunting gives African governments economic incentives to leave safari blocks as wilderness, and that hunting remains the most effective tool to protect wilderness in many parts of Africa.

Organizations that are neutral and do not oppose trophy hunting include The National Audubon Society, Defenders of Wildlife, and The Sierra Club

One proposed solution to these problems is the development of a certification system, whereby hunting operators are rated on three criteria:

1. Their commitment to conservation, e.g. by adhering to quotas and contributing to anti-poaching efforts.

2. How much they benefit and involve local people.

3. Whether they comply with agreed ethical standards.

Challenges to the certificate system

Introducing a certification system however remains challenging because it requires co-operation between hunting operators, conservationists and governments. It also requires difficult questions to be answered, including; what constitutes ethical hunting? Who constitutes local communities and what represents adequate benefits for them? Some researchers also continue to express concern that allowing trophy hunts for endangered animals might send the wrong message to influential people around the world, perhaps with adverse consequences for conservation. For example, it has been suggested that people will contribute less money to conservation organizations because allowing hunting of a species could suggest that it does not need saving.

The controversy surrounding trophy hunting was further ignited when an American dentist Walter Palmer gained internet infamy when a picture of him and the dead lion Cecil went viral. Palmer is an experienced and avid big-game hunter and reportedly paid over 50,000 US dollars to hunt and kill the lion.

Cecil the lion was one of the most known and studied lions in Zimbabwe. The lion was lured from the park and, after being injured by an arrow and stalked for 40 hours, Cecil was finally killed. Palmer was reportedly attracted to Cecil's rare black mane. Had Cecil been in the park, it would have been illegal to kill him. The actions the dentist and his hired hunter took in luring out of the park were not endorsed by trophy hunting officials in Zimbabwe. While Zimbabwe courts initially ruled his killing to be illegal, charges were ultimately dropped against the hunter Palmer hired.

Thousands of people went on social media sites to condemn Palmer's actions. Responses included Facebook pages such as "Shame Lion Killer Walter Palmer and River Bluff Dental".

Trophy hunters imported over 1.26 million trophies into the United States of America in the 10 years from 2005 to 2014. Canada was the leading source of imported trophies.

From 2005 to 2014 the top ten trophy species imported into the United States were:

From 2005 to 2014 the 'Big Five' trophy species imported into the United States, totaling about 32,500 lions, elephants, rhinos, buffalo, and leopards combined, from Africa were:

Mexico has a hunting industry valued at approximately $200 million with about 4,000 hunting ranches.

Yahya M. Musakhel 2005: Identification of Biodiversity hotspots in Musakhel district Balochistan Pakistan.

Journal articles

IUCN (2016) Informing Decisions About Trophy Hunting [1]

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Trophy hunting or sport hunting is hunting of wild game for human recreation. The trophy is the animal or part of the animal kept, and usually displayed, to represent the success of the hunt. The game sought is typically a large or impressively ornamented male, such as one having large horns or antlers.

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in most of Africa primary country's primary education is needed until they reach age. half of the students  who go to school finish. more than 90 percent of primary school students repeat at least one grade.

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Please click here if you are not redirected within a few seconds.

In most African countries primary education is required of all children until they reach a certain age. In many places, however, only about half of the students who attend primary school finish the entire course of study, and in some areas more than 90 percent of primary school students repeat at least one grade. Geography › education Africa: Education - Geography

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Please click here if you are not redirected within a few seconds. In most African countries primary education is required of all children until they reach a certain age. In many places, however, only about half of the students who attend primary school finish the entire course of study, and in some areas more than 90 percent of primary school students repeat at least one grade.

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Dust storms in the Sahara Desert degrade air quality and are a major cause of mortality in Africa. Air pollution causes about 780,000 premature deaths per year in Africa, according to a modeling study by researchers at NASA.

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Please click here if you are not redirected within a few seconds.

Dust storms in the Sahara Desert degrade air quality and are a major cause of mortality in Africa . Air pollution causes about 780,000 premature deaths per year in Africa , according to a modeling study by researchers at NASA (JGR Atmospheres 2019, DOI: 10.1029/2018JD029336). C&EN - American Chemical Society › environment › pollution › Air-pollution-kills-780000-people › 97 › i17 Air pollution kills 780,000 people in Africa each year - C&EN

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Please click here if you are not redirected within a few seconds. Dust storms in the Sahara Desert degrade air quality and are a major cause of mortality in Africa . Air pollution causes about 780,000 premature deaths per year in Africa , according to a modeling study by researchers at NASA (JGR Atmospheres 2019, DOI: 10.1029/2018JD029336).

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The majority of Africans are adherents of Christianity or Islam. African people often combine the practice of their traditional belief with the practice of Abrahamic religions. Abrahamic religions are widespread throughout Africa.

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The majority of Africans are adherents of Christianity or Islam. African people often combine the practice of their traditional belief with the practice of Abrahamic religions. Abrahamic religions are widespread throughout Africa.

Religion in Africa is multifaceted and has been a major influence on art, culture and philosophy. Today, the continent's various populations and individuals are mostly adherents of Christianity, Islam, and to a lesser extent several traditional... Wikipedia

What are the different religions

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Please click here if you are not redirected within a few seconds. The majority of Africans are adherents of Christianity or Islam. African people often combine the practice of their traditional belief with the practice of Abrahamic religions. Abrahamic religions are widespread throughout Africa.

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By eleessia holmes
i made an essay

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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I made a google slide about everyday life and culture traditons in africa :)

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I made a google slide about everyday life and culture traditons in africa :)

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by:emma
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1fb19nfMKTcCQdzVbjJQqB50108t6b5rQ3beuZ2jA_kM/edit#slide=id.g8894e55574_0_79

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What impact will authorities in Africa have with the measures they are taking to stop wildlife trafficking in Africa? 

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What impact will authorities in Africa have with the measures they are taking to stop wildlife trafficking in Africa? 

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What are the negitivties of poverty in Africa 

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What are the negitivties of poverty in Africa 

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For this project I did a essay!

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1U0jLqFK5cr8evnPfX_DPyHpAP2reNRsmQLzf3eaM2D4/edit

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By: Evie Garcia
In Africa there is a lot of child labor (72.1 million) and about 31.5 million hazardous work.
In Africa there are accounts for 85 percent of all child labor and 61.4 million children in absolute terms.
most of the child labor is unpaid.
The African region has also been among those most affected by situations of state fragility and crisis which in turn heighten the risk of child labor.

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Male lions are being hunted and that leaves the lioness and cubs alone. When they're alone the pride is in danger. Killing dominant males leaves the juveniles alone and they can wander into the homes of the African people and kill their livestock. People are even killing elephants for their tusks and selling them. The Big Five are in danger! Trophy Hunting should be banned!

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people are mainly Christian or Islam, but many people combine there religion practices with the practice of Abrahamic religions. The first religion to come to Africa was Islam. In Africa religions god is seen as the one creater. Christians first came to Africa in the 1 and early second century. with some of the African beliefs they do have problems with treating LGBTQ people the same.

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I chose poverty because poverty is a serious topic that I felt needs to be heard. Millions of woman men and children are faced with poverty everyday. Poverty is hunger, lack of money, and there's many other factors. In my slides I discuss why poverty is a problem, how to slowly fix it, and other stuff.

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by Valerie Borysenko

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child labor KILLS KIDS

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The Deterioration of the African Economy.

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The Deterioration of the African Economy.

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Watch This If You think I did a Good job and I promise you It's Not a Rick Roll Link
By: Jakob Janocik

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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Why is child labor a big problem in Africa .

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Why is child labor a big problem in Africa .

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All In Google Form

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1AqyWqdLW1HWeVnRJNtSsIXeVdgiEpO4k8T_wNcc4cyg/edit

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poverty is a big problem because people shouldn't be living with only a couple dollars a day, especially kids. Around 22,000 kids die of poverty each day.

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What is the Ebola virus you might ask? well, it is a horrible virus that can ravage whole cities that don’t have proper healthcare. The symptoms of ebola are a range of fevers and launching out of both ends and most people would have to experience these till they finally die after 6-16 days without proper care. After they die their family has to wash or dispose of any belongings of the person including clothes, bedding, and anything else they touched. Finally, ways you can help the poorer countries you can donate to WHO (the world health organization) and just recently there was an ebola breakout at the republic of the congo and it is very bad for the congo because it is a small country minimal money and as we are in a global crisis people can’t donate to the WHO because we need food water and other needs during the coronavirus. In conclusion you can help ebola by donating to the who which can send supplies to hospitals even in the congo and all around the globe

I liked this project

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I forgot to fix anonymous but if you cant tell by the video this is Henry Harden.

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by: Hannah Schmitt
https://www.gimkit.com/host/5ee112fc39cc260022fcd294

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Here is my poster board about African agriculture!

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Here is the google doc that I printed out:

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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Bella: What is wrong with African Education 

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Bella: What is wrong with African Education 

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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how geography affected Africa and will they ever recover?

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how geography affected Africa and will they ever recover?

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Africa has many different types of climates.therefor its hard to grow things, hard to travel.

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1. How hard is it to contact trace?
2.