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1. Recombinant engineered vaccines are being extensively explored, especially to eradicate infectious diseases, allergies, and cancers.

Source: Boundless. “Genetically Engineered Vaccines.” Boundless Microbiology. Boundless, 21 Jul. 2015. Retrieved 07 Oct. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/microbial-genetics-7/transgenic-organisms-94/genetically-engineered-vaccines-502-10778/

2. Protocols for genetically engineered vaccines raise issues on their efficacy and overall benefit.

Source: Boundless. “Genetically Engineered Vaccines.” Boundless Microbiology. Boundless, 21 Jul. 2015. Retrieved 07 Oct. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/microbial-genetics-7/transgenic-organisms-94/genetically-engineered-vaccines-502-10778/

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Target Audience : Students with interest in this area of biotechnology.

1. Why is it more difficult to manufacture genetically engineeed vaccines?

2. What are the problems that can be minimized by the creation of recombinant vaccines?

3. What are the uses of enzyme endouclease?

4. Why do recombinant vaccines tend to be less immunogenic than their conventional counterparts?

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1. Hepadna Virida e : A prototype of a family of viruses

2. HBsAg : A surface antigen

3. HBsAc : A core antigen

4. Hepatatis b : A virus that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease.

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Target Audience: Research Scientists in the field.

How long do you think will it take for human gene therapy to become a full fledged treatment ?

What types of diseases can the gene therapy cure?

Is the cure by gene therapy going to be permanent?

Is human Genome Therapy going to be affordable by the general public?

What is your answer to detractors of the gene therapy about the experiments being dangerous on human beings?

Many people say that it is unlawful to change natures laws by such scientific endeavours. What do you say about this ?

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Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube.

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2. It is still in the early stages of of study and exploration

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Applications of Gene Therapy ( P. Sree Rohith

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Applications of Gene Therapy ( P. Sree Rohith

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Gene Therapy has very interesting and powerful benefits :

Cancer Treatment:

This video explains beautifully how :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5SC2EoxUOXo

The following video covers major aspects of the benifits of the gene therapy:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ez560GnkSrE

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Key Terms and Interesting Words ( P. Sree Rohith)

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Key Terms and Interesting Words ( P. Sree Rohith)

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Hypercholesterolemia : Excess of cholestrol in the blood stream.

Cystic Fibriosis: A genetic lung Disorder characterized by difficult breathing, fatty stool, infertility(in males).

Angiogenesis: Creation of new blood vessels

Perfusion: In physiology, perfusion is the process of a body delivering blood to a capillary bed in its biological tissue. The word is derived from the French verb "perfuser" meaning to "pour over or through.

Retrovirus: Enveloped Viruses which replicate through reverse transcription in a host cell

Transfection : the process of deliberately introducing nucleic acids into cells. The term is often used for non-viral methods in eukaryotic cells.

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Recombinant DNA is the DNA in which the genes are modified to have better resistance to diseases, to possess desirable traits, etc.

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( P. Sree Rohith )

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( P. Sree Rohith )

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( P. Sree Rohith )

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( P. Sree Rohith )

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www.jstor.org

http://abt.ucpress.edu/

http://www.jstor.org/page/journal/amerbiolteac/about.html

http://www.sciencemag.org/

http://www.scientificamerican.com/

http://www.nature.com/nm/index.html

http://www.ahjonline.com/

http://www.annalsthoracicsurgery.org/

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TARGET AUDIENCE: PHD STUDENTSQUESTIONER:-

1.DO YOU THINK THERE IS A FUTURE FOR GENETIC MODIFICATION?

2.WOULD YOU LIKE TO PURSUE YOUR DEGREE ON THIS TOPIC?

3.DO YOU THINK GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS ARE USEFUL/HARMFUL?

4.DO YOU THINK IT IS ETHICAL TO MODIFY NATURAL CROPS?

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1.HERBICIDE TOLERANCE:-

Glyphosate herbicide (Roundup) tolerance conferred by expression of a glyphosate-tolerant form of the plant enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) isolated from the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, strain CP4

2.INSECT RESISTANCE:-

Resistance to insect pests, specifically the European corn borer, through expression of the insecticidal protein Cry1Ab from Bacillus thuringiensis

3.ALTERED FATTY ACID COMPOSITION:-

High laurate levels achieved by inserting thegene for ACP thioesterase from the California bay tree Umbellularia californica

4.VIRUS RESISTANCE:-

Resistance to plum pox virus conferred by insertion of a coat protein (CP) gene from the virus

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Eric, J. S. (2002). Gene Therapy: Genes Without Frontiers.The American Biology Teacher, 64, 4, 264-270 (Oakland, USA).

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KEY TERMS:-

1.TRANSGENIC:-

relating to or denoting an organism that contains genetic material into which DNA from an unrelated organism has been artificially introduced.

2.BIOLISTICS:-

a technique in genetic engineering in which tiny metal pellets coated with DNA are propelled into living cells at high velocities.

3.GENOME:-

the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.

4.ISOENZYME:-

each of two or more enzymes with identical function but different structure.

5.INTROGRESSION

the transfer of genetic information from one species to another as a result of hybridization between them and repeated backcrossing.

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Details of journal:-

1.TAKEN FROM THE BOOK :-

Journal of Applied Ecology

2.AUTHORS:-

A. F. Raybould and A. J. Gray

3. PUBLISHER:-

British Ecological Society

4.YEAR OF PUBLICATION:-

1993

5.CITY OF PUBLICATION:-

london

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www.jstor.org

Genetic Engineering Applied to the Deveopment of Vaccines

Authors : K. Murray, S. Stahl and P. G. Ashton-Rickardt

Published by The Royal Society

https://www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/microbial-genetics-7/transgenic-organisms-94/genetically-engineered-vaccines-502-10778/

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4. Scientists are most concerned about the DNA.

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1. The main ingredient of any vaccine is the disease causing virus, bacteria or toxin.

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3. It is prepared from extensively purified preparations of the surface antigen particles of the virus from the plasma of infected individuals.

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www.jsotr.org

Concepts in Biology- Eldon D Enger, Fredrick C Ross, David B Bailey

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This informative journal gives the reader an overview about the human gene therapy- the process, the challenges, pros and cons.

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youtubes:-

1.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S36aE9_m_Xo

2.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2G-yUuiqIZ0

3.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZmZ161njr8

websites:-

4.http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/gmfoods/

5.http://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/genetically-modified-food-advantages.htm

6.genetically modified crops journal:-

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Traditional methods have probability of producing toxic and transgenes which cause undesirable environmental change .Hence these methods are inferior

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Two of the commonest traits produced by genetic modification are disease and herbicide resistances

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The probability varies from low to high in various crops for eg barley species have low , clover species have minimal and sea beet have high probabilities respectively

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Summary by P. Sree Rohith for this article can be found upon scrolling down.

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Summary by P. Sree Rohith for this article can be found upon scrolling down.

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Since the first trial in 1990, 4000 patients have been cured of various Genetic Disorders, which could have otherwise been impossible without the therapy.

Gene therapy also cures many heriditary dises

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The most dangerous setback of Gene Therapy is that even a slight amount of mistake can be fatal.

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The first human gene therapy experiment ever attempted began at the National Institute of Health in September1990 on a four-year-old girl named Ashanti de Silva.

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The objective is to correct the genetic disorder,perhaps permanently by inserting a non-mutant gene that produces a normal protein into the patient.

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Some of these include the induction of mutations by treatment with chemicals or X-rays; anther and ovule culture allowing the production of completely homozygous plants which can short-cut some of the requirements for back- 199 crossing; and embryo rescue techniques which permit previously incompatible species to produce viable offspring.

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4. About WHICH part of the cell are the scientists most concerned while making viral vaccines ?

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This journal was based on experiments first conducted in UK and hence wild crops of UK were involved in gene transfer

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3. What role does Hepatitis B virus play in the

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I.D.G. Bartle, A. Beaton, P.J. Dale, B. Ford-Lloyd, B.P. Forster, I. Gillespie, M.D. Hayward, V.A. Hilder, M.O. Humphreys, D.J. James, P. Kearns, A. Kumar, R.J. McNicol, P. Morris, G. Ramsay, K.J. Webb, P. Whitty and M. Williamson are some of scientists who contributed to this journal

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2.Why does the author say that vaccine development through genetic engineering is still "in infancy" ?

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This article primarily deals with the engineering involved in modifying crops to produce species which can improve economy, health sector,etc

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1. What does a vaccine contain?

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1. The first vaccine was discovered by Edward Jenner in 1798 to treat smallpox.

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2. The wide range of systems for gene cloning and expression together with the development of rapid methods for nucleotide have provided means of manipulating genomes with relative ease.

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5. The journal is based on gene transfer between GM crops and wild crops of WHICH country?

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4.Why are traditional methods of hybridization considered inferior to present day methods?

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3.List some new techniques that became available in the 20th century which improved the range of available genetic variation.

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2. Name some scientists who indirectly contributed to this journal

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1. What is the primary purpose of this well organized article?

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3.HOW TO PRODUCE ANTIGENS FOR HBV ?

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2.WHAT ARE METHODS USED TO MANIPULATE GENOMES?

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1.WHEN WAS FIRST VACCINE DISCOVERED?

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3. What are some of the commonest traits in plants produced by genetic modification?

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1. What is the probability of gene flow from crop to a wild species in pea plant?

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2. Why is gene therapy important

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1. What is recombinant DNA

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5.WHEN DID FIRST GENE THERAPY EXPERIMENT TAKE PLACE?

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4.MENTION FEW SETBACKS OF GENE THERAPY?

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3.HOW CAN GENE THERAPY USED TO TREAT HUMAN DISEASES?

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The above article describes the procedures in genetic engineering involved in the development of vaccines, especially that of the antigen of HBV.

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Genetic Engineering Applied to the Development of Vaccines on JSTOR

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The simplest application of the modern genetic manipulation methods to vaccine development is the expression in microbial cells of genes from pathogens that enc...

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The following journal would be dealing with enhanced crops, crops which invade ecosystem to cause desirable change ,spread of transgenes and relative performance of modified and unmodified crops

it would also suggest some simplifications to release modified crops into environment and suggest research priorities for ecologists

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The concern of the journal is to provide insight on the Human Genome Therapy, citing its techniques, advantages and disadvantages. The author gives the reader an idea of Recombinant DNA technology and explains how gene therapy can be carried out by gene replacement, subsequently explaining the

process in a decent detail. Alongside this, the author cautiously points out the

challenges the process is facing. The basic idea is that the genetic code is being altered externally to produce a desired effect like the treatment of

genetic disorders or production of essential proteins or hormones. In the former case, Identifying the gene responsible for the disorder was a

challenging task before. But with the Human Genome completely sequenced, the genetic cause of almost 1000 hereditary diseases is found. In the latter

case, desired proteins are injected into animals, which produce the protein which can then be administered to the patient.

The human genome therapy is directly administered on

patients in real time. Various methods are discussed by the author. The major setback to this whole process is that even a slight miscalculation in the therapy

can prove fatal, which is why many ethical concerns are being raised, the

author, points out.