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Headings and subheadings are used in a report to indicate different sections and to help the reader understand the logical flow of the report. Whatever style or font it must be used consistently throughout the report. Also language must be concise and clear. Plagairism is the main ethical concern in research communication and must be avoided in research writing.

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The purpose of data analysis is to obtain meaning from the collected data. In the conduct of survey research, analysts are faced with the prospects of analyzing one variable at a time (univariate analysis), pairs of variables (bivariate analysis) or three or more variables at a time (multivariate analysis).

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Data processing must ensure that data collected is as complete as possible and must include editing and data cleaning functions to minimize errors in the data to be sent for analysis. Editing is a quality control process that ensures computer readiness of the data. It ensures that the data are complete, error-free and readable. Coding entails the systematic reduction and organization of raw data in a manner capable of facilitating subsequent analysis, in particular where a computer package is used to carry out the analysis

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The processes examined were conceptualization, operationalization, measurement, questionnaire design and sampling. All these have brought me to the point of data collection. Data collection is the most labour intensive part of a survey and accounts for the greatest single expenditure of funds. It also occupies a key position in the entire research process. The interview can be viewed as a form of social interaction, reflecting the roles, norms and expectations consistent with all such forms of human behaviour.

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Types of Probability Sample Designs:

1. Simple Random 2. Systematic sampling

3. Stratified 4. Cluster

5. Multi-stage
THE IMPORTANCE OF RANDOM SAMPLING 1. Random sampling allows generalization from the survey results to the population 2. It is important to statistically derived random sampling procedures. 3. This ensures that the survey results are statistically representative of the population.

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A population refers to all the elements of a clearly defined body of people, events or objects. Population parameter also refers to measures used to describe the distribution of the population of interest. In showing the relationship between a population parameter and a sample statistic, it was highlighted that the importance of drawing a sample was representative of the population.

Strategies suggested to reduce sampling errors included increasing the sample size and attempting to ensure that samples are representatives of the whole population for whichvariables are being studied.

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Survey instrumentation entails the design and development of instruments for collection of data.

A scale is used to measure the intensity or direction of a person's feelings to a give phenomenon. An appropriate instrument for grading the assignment ought to have two critical components, namely a formal, logical set of guidelines for awarding marks and a scale.

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It is important to recognize the relationship between reliability and validity. It was noted that systematic errors

pose the greatest threat to validity. Minimizing on frame work error is a way to improve validity. Every research problem or hypothesis consists of concepts that interest researchers. These concepts are captured by variables and are evaluated in accordance with observations, indicators and indexes that vary across space and time.

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Principles agents involved in the conduct of research

include the public and private sector, academic institutions,

non governmental institutions and regional and international institutions.

These agents obtain research for decision making.

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Research was described as being a process

that attempts to satisfy curiosity. An important decision

that must be made is determining whether to enumerate

a population or a sample.