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John Adams, a part of the Federalist Party, became the second president of the United States. During his presidency, two political parties formed and caused division within the United States. He was known for his passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts, laws passed by the Congress that allowed the act of deporting foreigners and restricting their ability to vote.

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This “revolution” marked the first peaceful transfer of power in the executive branch. Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic Republican, had peacefully taken power from the Federalist Party. This demonstrated America’s ability to unite and work towards the wellness of their new nation.

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The administration of Thomas Jefferson was in style and moderation. The lanky man focused on restoring the principles of the Revolution of 1776, evident in his speech “We are all Republicans, We are all Federalists.” He was bound by the principles of democratic-republicanism and supported a strict interpretation of the Constitution. Ultimately, he went against his own beliefs in the purchase of Louisiana.

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James Madison did not want a Federalist judge in the courts, therefore refused to deliver commission. As a result, the Federalist Judge William Marbury sued Madison. This case is significant and impactful because it established judicial review, meaning the Supreme Court can determine if laws are unconstitutional. Chief Justice John Marshall asserted this principle.

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In 1803, France sold Thomas Jefferson the Louisiana territory for fifteen million dollars. This act of purchasing the land led to America doubling in size as it added roughly 800,000 square miles onto the nation and secured American control over the Mississippi River. In addition, the powers of the Constitution became clearer.

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Thomas Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on an expedition to explore the northwestern territories of the United States, otherwise known as the region of the Louisiana purchase. The two explorers documented different types of flora and fauna in their journals and desired to have good relations with the Native Americans on these territories. In doing so, Lewis and Clark aided the expansion of the fur trade and provided geographical knowledge of America.

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President Thomas Jefferson passed the Embargo Act in 1807, forbidding the United States from exporting goods to foreign ports. Due to British impressment alongside British and French harassment of American sailors, Jefferson made the decision to punish the two powers for interfering with American trade. Unfortunately, this act resulted in widespread smuggling and was devastating towards the American economy.

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James Madison, known as the Father of the Constitution, served as the fourth president of the United States. During his presidency, he continued the power of Democratic-Republican party and relieved the effects of the Embargo Act of 1807. In order to accomplish this object, he established the Non -Intercourse act entailing that America could trade with foreign countries except France and Britain. Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810) intended to stop the French and British harassment of American ships and urged them to repeal their commercial restrictions.

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This era was known for its strong feelings of national unity following after the results of the War of 1812. A growth of white settlement and a sense of national purpose was reflected in the Era of Good Feelings. Unity became important amongst Americans

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Also known as the first protective tariff, this tariff passed by Congress attempted to protect American manufactured goods rather than obtain revenue. The prices of high quality British goods located within America were raised as a result.

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Virginian James Monroe continued the Democratic-Republican party while simultaneously representing nationalism. Throughout his time as president, America largely expanded westward. He wished to be free from European interference and remained neutral in European wars. Monroe also devised the Monroe Doctrine which stated the United States cannot be further colonized by Europe. Unfortunately, this had little impact during this time.

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This canal increased efficiency of transportation during this period and stretched from Albany to Buffalo. The waterway allowed goods to be transported between the Midwest and the East coast and also allowed trade to transpire, thus improving America’s overall economy.

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The initial financial crisis of the United States was shown in the Panic of 1819. Over speculation of land, the closing of factories due to foreign competition, and management issues in the Second Bank of the United States caused this panic. Many Americans lost  their land due because they were not able to pay off their mortgages. The Panic of 1819 is often called the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

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The admission of Missouri as a part of the United States was an issue for its large effects on the American people. A significant effect is that the state would upset the balance of free and slave states. As a compromise, Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine was admitted as a free state. This further divides the Southern and Northern communities.

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The text within the Monroe Doctrine stated that European countries shall not further colonize the United States and the United States would not interfere with established colonies. Ultimately, this doctrine was unsuccessful.

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Similar to James Monroe, John Quincy Adams was also a Democratic-Republican. He was considered one of the best Secretaries of State and aided in the Treaty of Ghent which brought the War of 1812 to an end. He ran against Henry Clay, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson. Adams supported the American System that modernized the United States.

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During this period, Henry Clay was a prominent politician from Kentucky. He developed the American system, under this system entailed internal improvement, renewal of the Bank of the United States, and high protective tariffs. Clay convinced the House to elect John Quincy Adams as president.

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Andrew Jackson earned his popularity by defeating the British in the Battle of New Orleans as a major general. His leadership made him a military hero and gave him large amounts of national fame. During his presidency as he was elected in March of 1828, instead of solely landowners have the ability to vote, this right was extended to all white American men. Regarding the Native population, Jackson enforced the Indian Removal Act which had a negative and devastating effect on the Native Americans.

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South Carolina did not want to enforce the Tariff of 1832, leading to the Nullification Crisis. In retaliation, Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States, asserted the power of the federal government by threatening to hang any nullifiers and lead an army into South Carolina. This crisis nearly led into a civil war before it was soon resolved in 1833 by Henry Clay’s negotiations.

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A religious revival swept America during the Second Great Awakening. American Methodists and Baptists met in camp meetings and led these revivals, beginning on the frontier and eventually moving east. Christianity was based on emotionalism and spirituality through intense preachers and fervent sermons. Evangelists began teaching that salvation was available to any person.

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Daniel Webster was considered the leader of the Whig party, a party favoring the American System and national rights over state rights, during the antebellum period. He was a part of the Webster-Ashburton treaty, resolving multiple border issues between the United States and Britain.

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William Lloyd Garrison and The Liberator

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William Lloyd Garrison and The Liberator

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Susan B. Anthony titled herself an abolitionist and a temperance supporter. During the 1850’s she became one of the most conspicuous leaders of the woman’s suffrage movement. Alongside Cady Stanton, she founded the National Women's Suffrage Association in 1869.

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Frederick Douglass and His Autobiography

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Frederick Douglass and His Autobiography